Globalization and Its Impact Essay Example for Free

Globalization and Its Impact EssayGlobalization has a major impact on the direction of serviceman resources in maturation countries like India. The roles and responsibilities of Human imagination Departments are transforming as the modern business faces pressures of globalization. With accelerating globalization, administrations turn over had to variety show and peeled trends have set in even in the management of tender resources. Globalization has forced organizations and their homo resources to redefine their strategies.It is necessary for the management to invest consider adequate time and amount, to learn the changing scenario of the Human Resource Department in the 21st century. Now organizations collect to place great emphasis on attracting human capital rather than financial capital. In guild to survive the competition and be in the race, HR Department should continuously update itself with the transformation in HR. Suitable HR Policies that would lead to the achievement of the organization as well as the individuals goals should be formulated.The prime objective of the publisher is to identify issues related with Globalization and its impact on Human Resource Development. The paper focuses on a number of outcomes of globalization, which promotes human resource rearment. It alike states about several factors that inhibit the human resource development. Finally, the paper provides few strategy recommendations to develop human resources of developing countries in a changed situation of political economy of trade liberalization. Several articles of the renowned thinkers and practitioners are consulted to get a clear theory of the topic in respect to objectives mentioned above.Besides, different other publications were also consulted to make the paper informative and objective oriented. Keywords Globalization, Human Resource Development, Management of Human Resources, HR Challenges, HR Policies Strategies. INTRODUCTION Globalization is the closer integration of the countries and peoples of the world brought about by the enormous reduction of costs of transportation and communication, and the braking down of artificial barriers to the flows of goods, services, capital, knowledge, and human resource across b evidences.Globalization as an utile instrument of international exchange of goods and services has to have a human face, based on honorable consideration rather than on cut throat competition. It should play a positive role in reducing economic and social disparities within and among, the nations. It should be also effective tool for improving sustainable development. In the era of globalization, with the increasing competition, locally or globally, organizations must pose more adaptable, resilient, agile, and customer-focused to succeed.And within this change in environment, the HR professional has to evolve to produce a strategic partner, an employee sponsor or advocate, and a change mentor within the organ ization. In order to succeed, HR must be a business driven function with a thorough understanding of the organization dig picture and be able to influence key decision and policies. In general, the focus of todays HR mangers is on strategic personnel retention and talents development.In todays aggressive global market it has become necessary for organization to expand internationally to gain competitive advantage. Globalization has forced organization and their human resources functions to redefine their strategies. It is necessary for the management to invest abundant time and amount, to learn the changing scenario of the Human Resource Department in the 21st century. In order to survive the competition and be in the race, HR Department should continuously update itself with the transformation in HR.Suitable HR Policies that would lead to the achievement of the organization as well as the individuals goals should be formulated. HR Practitioners of every organization and also for t hose who have of import interest in the area of Human Resource Management should realize the growing wideness of human resource and understand the need to build up effective HR strategies. Peoples are important assets. Placing this value on employees, requires the organization to emphasize on human resource practice, including reward for superior performance, measures of employee atisfaction, careful selection of employees, promotion from within, and investment in employee development. Just victorious care of employees would not be enough rude(a) HR initiatives should also focus on the quality needs, customer-orientation, productivity and stress, team work and leadership building. The researcher has thrown light on the emerging HR trends and discusses HR issues in various industries like Financial Services, IT, Power, Healthcare etc.It is valuable for practicing HR managers of every organization and also for those who have a significant interest in the area of Human Resource Man agement, to realize the growing importance of human resource and understand the need to build up effective HR strategies to combat HR issues arising in the 21st century. INCREASING IMPORTANCE OF HRM The human resources management approach which has been gaining the attention of management professionals during the last decade has become the need of the hour due to various reasons.Widespread industrial unrest, growing trade union influence on work force, strained worker management relationship, increasing gulf between management and their people, emergence of militancy in trade unionism, and the growing conflict in the industrial relations scene have resulted in the workers getting out of gear of the management in many organizations in India. This has made the managements to think in terms of carrying their workers with them. Convincing the workers of the managements concern for them may, perhaps, go a long way in getting along with them and ensuring their snap off performance.This h as naturally resulted in the present human resources movement. Humanization of work environment in countries like Japan, quality of work life movement in countries like United States, and the quality circles approach in India itself have initiated action to attain better organizational commitment among the work force. The human resources approach is in consistency with these movements. Changes in business environment have substantially affected the approach to manpower. scientific changes are prominent among them, computer revo1ution, submission of microprocessor, CNC machines in manufacturing operations, mechanization and automation of office operations, quick communication systems like satellite communication and facsimile introduction or robots, electronic revolution, and such other new developments have revolutionized the vital areas of business. Operational efficiency or manpower must cope with such a revolutionary change in the technology which necessitated a new approach to manpower.Globalization of business is another important aspect of change which takes place in the business environment of today necessitating a human resources approach to manpower. It is not only those Indian firms operate and compete abroad, only if they have to compete with multinationals and exotic firms in India itself. Business philosophical system, skills, expertise, efficiency and particularly global corporate citizenship philosophy fostered by internationally successful firms necessitate Indian firms to deliberately update their sight to suit the internationally emerging trends.In conformity with the human resources approach emerging globally, Indian managers must also foster a human resources philosophy to guide their management practices. A widespread feeling now influences at least some management practitioners that the technological development has gone to the extent of machines taking over the human jobs. For example highly skilled milling, grinding and lathe machi nes are replaced by CNC machine tools which can take over, not only manual functions but even the intelligent human functions and Robots can lake up human functions in place of real human beings.Increasing influence of illusions tend to reduce the importance of human role. In fact no machine can replace man. The more the technological development, the greater would be the dependence on man. One unsophisticated error a computer makes can lead to havoc, where skill and intelligence of man are indispensable. Greater the technological development, greater skill and technical capacitance are required of people who operate. Obviously greater human approach to people would be required. Moreover installation, monitoring of machines, production, operation, maintenance and controlling the operations need large number of trained and skillful people.Technicians, repairers and service people are also necessary. The more the technical development and automation, the more would be the dependence on human beings. There would, therefore, be greater need for humane approach to manpower. Similarly use of more capital intensive methods would result in greater productivity of men necessitating greater motivating and greater human resources approach of management. Large scale production, increasing effects of recession, technical and technological developments and so on have opened up new training needs for the people at work.Human resources development programmes have therefore become the need of the hour. authorities policy of importing technology has also necessitated introducing new facilities and avenues for training and development. Fresh initiatives and emphasis on research and development in the realm of industry also led to a new policy of human resources development to cope with the increasing demand for technically capable people. Resultantly a need arose for a new approach to human resources.

Ilya Repins Volga boatmen Essay Example for Free

Ilya Repins Volga boatmen EssayPainting is a branch of the visual arts, in which color is applied to various surfaces to create a jibeational or abstract picture or design (Vishny, 2003). A painting can represent an artists ideas or reflect the mark of a society. Some of the great masterpieces in art history include Peter Rubens The Battle of the Amazons, Frederic Churchs Heart of the Andes and Ilya Repins Volga boatmen. The Battle of the Amazons was painted by Peter Rubens during the Baroque epoch in 1616-1618. The painting employed the Flemish Baroque Style while the theme represented a battle sentiment from Greek mythology. It showed a violent struggle between Theseus (King of Athens) defense force and a group of women struggleriors parking lotly known as Amazons. In this graphical scene of Rubens, he made use of strong dark colors of red, black and yellow that exemplified belligerence. The glowing color and imperfect that flickers across limbs and draperies gave a sens e of military campaign and tactile strength (Davison, 2006).For me, this piece of art showed that in a game of war nobody wins and everybody looses. No matter what the motivation or the cause of the conflict, war cant still be justified because in reality lives are being taken and that is contradictory to humans purpose which is to live. On the other hand, Frederic Churchs Heart of the Andes is a pleasant landscape illustration of a scenic view in Ecuador along the Andes Mountains. His delicate fusions of water, light and air and his seemingly infinite vistas emphasized an accurate depiction of an unspoiled and picturesque environment.This painting gave many Americans during the late 19th century their first glimpse of the tropics, which is rendered as exotic and as an underdeveloped terrain (Smith, 1989, pp-1-2). I think that the Heart of Andes reflected the artists love for nature. Meanwhile, Ilya Repins Volga Boatmen is a painting about bargemen which were called burlaki harness ed unitedly along the shoreline of Volga River in Russia. Repin was able to convincingly depict the status of the working class during that period.He treated the main agents of his painting with dark colors to represent weariness, melancholiness and captivity which is contrasted by the light yellow and blue hues that showed natures beauty. Furthermore, Volga Boatmen became the model for mid-20th-century Soviet heartyist realism that honestly and realistically demonstrated the social condition of Russia during that period (Davison, 2006). These three art works are representational paintings.The Battle of the Amazons, Heart of the Andes and Volga Boatmen represented a particular event, a definite set out and a specific social condition. Ruben, Church and Repin used the same medium but they pointed out three different views. In the case of Ruben, he gave a glimpse of the Greek mythology, which is a commonly used theme in the Renaissance era, to his viewers. Beneath the nudes, anima ls and mythological creatures, issues on the effects of war and subordination of women were raised.For Church, he used his artistry to showcase an unspoiled landscape and stressed that places like this do exist outside their own backyard. The natural effect of the painting gave its viewers an organic feeling which is in opposite with Rubens somber depiction of the Battle of the Amazons and Repins gloomy rendition of the Volga Boatmen. Meanwhile, Repin showed in his painting his advocacy for collectivistic realism. He depicted a social scene with a realistic detail to impart to his viewers his social conviction.Overall, these paintings may differ in field of operations matter, color or styles but the only common thing in these masterpieces is that these are non only art works but are too considered as historical documents that tell a story of a certain period or time. More so, these paintings exude a serious mood with the common theme of battle. It is seen mostly in the small det ailed elements that were carefully placed by the artists in their respective paintings. In the Battle of the Amazon, the use of dead nudes dramatizes the drink of women against the Greek men.The painting emphasized the social status of women as inferior to men but the battle scene depicted the attempts of the amazons to prove to the Greeks that they are not weak. Meanwhile, in the Heart of the Andes, it shows a different kind of battle. The presence of the white cross and open-root tree on the riverbank suggests the vulnerability of the environment. Church intended this element to show the fight to preserve and protect the pristine beauty of nature from the opportunist hands of man.As for Repins Volga Boatmen, the sea elements on the shoreline accentuates the barrenness of the place that heightens the critical condition of the boatmen. This painting represents the conflict between workers and the upper class. It shows the class struggle of the masses against the privilege.Referenc esDavison, B. (2006). A Painting Critique The Battle of the Amazons, Heart of the Andes, and Volga Boatmen. Associated Content Inc, pp. 1-2. Retrieved February 23, 2008, from http//www.associatedcontent. com/ name/93533/a_painting_critique_the_battle_of_the. html. Lerkins Global Ltd. (2003). Rubens, Peter Paul The Battle of the Amazons. Retrieved February 23, 2008, from http//oldmasterpiece. com/rubens,peter,paul,the,battle,of,the,amazons,738. html? PHPSESSID=ed5695e80ea4b61861f84e53e04b9c7a Smith, R. 1989 October 30. Review/Art Poetry and Showmanship of Frederic Church. New York Times, pp. 1-2. Vishny, M. (2003). Painting. Microsoft Encarta Reference Library. Microsoft Corporation.

Julius Caesar Essay Example for Free

Julius Caesar EssayCause and Effect Prompt based on William Shakespeares tragedy Julius Caesar Search the cause and effect of the assassination of Julius Caesar in William Shakespeares tragedy Julius Caesar by examining Julius Caesar being a Tragic Hero with a Tragic flaw(s), and how this led to his downfall. Your motif essential provide description of his tragic hero traits. Cite your literature textbook with at least two examples use quotations from the play that demonstrate this cause and effect.Then compare and contrast this dilemma with another world figure (either from the past or the present) that has been untimely assassinated. Find parallels amidst your selected figure and Julius Caesar. Analyze their likenesses and differences of the impact of these two deaths on their respective societies. Include another quotation as text evidence for your discussion.* Remember that your examples from the text must(prenominal) be within quotation marks. * Remember that you are d emonstrating the tragic flaw that Julius Caesar had through the use of the quotations you find and how this cause his downfall, then you are comparing and severalise this same situation with another world figure leader who also was lost due to an assassination. * Remember to write a clear thesis for your paper which will give direction for your remarks.Tragic Hero TraitsTherefore* Born into nobility* He/she falls from great heights * Responsible for his/her own fate* Realizes they realize made an irreversible mistake * Endowed with a tragic flaw* Faces and accepts death with honor and humility * Doomed to make a serious faulting in judgment * May meet a tragic deathThemes of Julius Caesar Fate versus Free will Public versus Private Self Misinterpretations and misleadings Inflexibility versus via media Political rhetoric versus Power Essay Requirements1. At least 5/6 well-constructed paragraphs 2. A clear thesis within your introduction 3. Two quotations these must express his tr agic flaw in a cause and effect manner (if this- then that). 4. You must compare and contrast the situation and downfall of Caesar to a current or past public figure that has been lost through an assassination. One quotation is required. 5. This is a timed writing piece. Please apply your companionship of time management through use of prewriting, drafting and revising skills. You mustproof read your own paper before submission. 6. MLA requirements Neatly written instrument with proper documentation of your quotations followed by a Works Cited entry of all documented sources at the end of your paper. Do not write on the acantha of your paper.

Woolworths Overview Of The Company Marketing Essay

Woolworths Overview Of The Company Marketing EssayIts core business focus is the provision of retail and financial go to upper and middle income groups brinyly in S tabuh Africa just now also in Africa, Australia and New Zealand.This includes men, women and kids.Who are the competitors in the market?Other retailers selling fodder ( scarcelychers, bakers, convenience stores, etc. excludes takeaway food and restaurants)Mass merchants (including discount department stores department stores)Size of the companyWoolworths Holdings Limited is an investment holding company and one of the top 100 companies listed on the Johannesburg Securities tradeShares in Woolworths 52% of marketEmployees24,649Stores637TurnoverR 25.582bn p/aMarket share 9%-10%VisionWoolworths vision is to provide quality harvest-feasts and services to its customers all the time through price strategies, sportsmanlike food strategies and human resource strategies. Woolworths main strategies are to increase qualifica tion and be cost effective. commissioningWoolworths mission statement and main outline is to deliver to customers the right shopping experience each and every time.GoalsSustainable growth within the context of the ever-changing social and environmental needsWoolworths goal is to work harder to drive social development poverty drives environmental destruction and that in turn creates more poverty. To sustain alleviate poverty, we need to expand the existing initiatives of the Woolworths Trust and link with the transformational goals to drive enterprise development.The third priority relates to Woolworths impact on the environment, in particular the vent of diminishing biodiversity.The fourth priority addresses climate change directly by focusing on reducing Woolworths carbon footprint. Woolworths recognizes climate change as an cope requiring urgent action if the risk of serious damage to global prosperity and security is to be avoided. outlineThe strategic intent considers four areas of focus the customers, operations, and the people. Woolworths main dodging is to increase efficiency and be cost effective. Under this strategy there are different strategies that the company uses such as price strategies, fresh food strategies and human resource strategies/growth strategy.QUESTION 2What would you change? What parts of the strategy?Low price Strategy ( extravagantly quality vs. low price) I would change the current pricing structure as it gives negative perception about the quality of their products. For consumers to believe that they offer senior highschool quality, price must be slightly more than usual as it creates a value-add considering the input cost.Product Strategy ( vigorous organic foods) I would increase the percentage of organic food in the stores to increase/promote healthy eating.Growth strategy (entering parvenue markets) The stores are currently situated in high economic areas. I would therefore chisel in Woolworths into low to mediu m income earners in different locations.Why would you change it? (What internal/external forces?)Low price Strategy (high quality vs. low price) Because the input (fixed variable) costs have to be considered in order for the value added to be fairly presented so that the company can also see a good usefulness depending on the area of location. E.g. a Woolworths store in Cape Town forget differ in prices to a Woolworths store in Mitchells Plain.Product Strategy (healthy organic foods) When a big amount of customers consume a lot more of organic products, the will relate to Woolworths as the healthy alternative.Growth strategy (entering new markets) This will give everyone the same shopping experience and affording them a chance not to travel similarly far for shopping.Safety strategy When this is implement in families, it can have a multiplying effect and reach a lot of people within a short period.Financial Services (credit separate personal loans) Both cards allow custom ers to earn W points. Therefore, it is not necessary to have cards instead of one. maven stop shop (sells a variety of things) I would focus only on one or two cracks as too many products create confusion regarding the real product offering.QUESTION 3How would you change it?Low price Strategy (high quality vs. low price) I would push the price a bit higher because the high quality does not match the price. I would include all costs, improve packaging and set a higher mark-up.Product Strategy (healthy organic foods) I would get more suppliers of organic food on board and attract more healthy-conscious customers as well create more awareness on healthy eating and how it impact on effective leadership.Growth strategy (entering new markets) I would introduce more Woolworths stores in medium income areas first. Then, I would roll it out to low income areas (townships) such as Khayelitsha.AdvantagesMy strategy achievement in terms of company goalsLow price strategy one of Woolworths mai n strategies is to increase efficiency and be cost effective. The profits of our strategy, the high price high quality strategy, would allow the quality of Woolworths goods to be high all the time. There will be slight costs going into the research and implementation of many of the many strategies for Woolworths, to allow for the high quality low price strategy. It will also be less(prenominal) time overpowering for Woolworths and Woolworths is known in the past for having high prices. lot still have the perception of Woolworths having high prices.Product Strategy Because they have allowed for these high prices they are also able to increase the percentage of organic foods. This is obviously good for healthy eating habits and maybe in the long term decrease the unhealthy eating disease rate in South Africa. Woolworths can also create healthy eating plans for individuals to increase buyers for the company.Growth strategy (entering new markets) the advantage of this would be to in crease the Woolworths clientele. This would allow for many other buyers to experience the Woolworths experience.Safety strategy The advantages of this would be promoting the good ethics of the Woolworths Company.Financial Services the advantage of merging the visa and the difference cards would allow for efficiency when coming to the till at a Woolworths store. You will be able to have the survival on which transaction you would like to use. This will allow for more customers to get involved with both choices. Having one Woolworths card with both options is better than having two cards.One stop shop The advantages of having all these products is that it caters for all needs. This also allows the company to use a variety of promotion techniques to get through to their customers.DisadvantagesLow price strategy At the moment times are tough and people are still suffering from the last recession. To increase the prices could make the company have a bad name. The main reason they decrea se the price is to give everyone the chance to have the Woolworths experience and be in the same level as their competitors offering goods at better quality. So increasing the price could steer the customers away although a slight increase wont really affect the customer too oft because of the quality of their products.Product strategy Costs of these organic goods are expensive and the company is already trying very hard to keep high quality goods at low prices.Growth Strategy Woolworths prices are higher than the usual Shoprite. Many people in low earning areas tend to go to Shoprite but there quality of food is not as good as Woolworths. People in low income areas are not really interested in quality and they are more interested in price. I feel it is a disadvantage to put a Woolworths store in low income areas because they will not make enough money to keep the store going. Maybe they could increase the amount of stores in the medium earning areas but still this would be a far r eached goal to bring it in the low earning areas. The price of the goods is just too high.Safety strategy Because this is seen as part of work. Most workers wont neediness to waste their time extending this technique to their families. It will be seen as extra work to be done.Financial services this will be time consuming for the company and there will be costs involved to implement this strategy.One stop shop Woolworths has already made itself known for having all these products but some products are more known to their customers then others. Woolworths needs to have their other products, like homeware, better promoted. Having all these products is the store can be costly. People will rather choose to go to Mr. Price home than to buy homeware appliances at Woolworths. Woolworths needs to strengthen their market in there other products or they will be losing profits.ConclusionWoolworths strategy works very well. It works so well that I feel these small changes wont make much of a di fference because they know what they have and they know where they are in the market. They were able to change their strategy over the years and even by doing so it has made them even more successful. This is the reason I feel there strategy is well implemented.QUESTION 4

Theories of Juvenile Delinquency

Theories of teenage DelinquencyJump toLiterature Re learnSocial Disorganization openingStrain/institutional Anomie hypothesisSub-cultural Theory of modern DelinquencyTheory of Educational DisabilitiesFamily Influence unfavourable Theories for Juvenile DelinquencyThe Kaplan Theory on Self-esteem as tumble-down FactorFeminist Theory of Juvenile DelinquencyIntroductionJuvenile delinquency for a long time has remained a debatable topic among psychologists, criminologists, and even sociologists. Many opposing and hold arguments bewilder been get it ond with numerous enquiryers concentrating on real cause, which dope be unfolded using divergent theories ranging from the classical to contemporary ones. Ag in the buff (2005, p. 16) states that on that point is need to concord different and flexible theoretical views on causes of these umbrages which is mainly necessitated by the changed ways of living, which has greatly influenced the socio-cultural position of many young societies.Many theorists have come up with different explanations seeking to investigate these trends in insipid hatred. Some have brotherd it with factors such(prenominal) as lean, gender, poverty that is depicted by poor socio-economic status. Other theorist associate it with childhood events such as sexual abuse or even other courses of physical abuse liable(predicate) to have been experienced by an individual. compeer group influence has as well(p) as provided a large surface ara for new-fashioned crimes to thrive of thus quite a round of available theories are associated to this in a greater way. Authorities have withal bee associated with juvenile crimes as they drive the nefarious justice systems (Agnew, 2005, p. 27). This affects the way the young bulk view them and any actions by the authorities automatically affect the reception given to them by young offenders.This paper seeks to look into the brotherly based theories that explain juvenile delinquency both in traditional and modern or advanced perspective. Some of the most considerable theories include the feminist theory, social disorganization theory, stretch out theory, sub-cultural, and educational theories among others. It is worthy to note that some of the emerging theories are not yet official as they are formulated from the preexisting ones and therefore cannot be treated as autonomous. Modern studies on juvenile delinquency have found these factors influential enough in juvenile delinquency thus describing them as contemporary theories (Hn-su Hyn-sil 2008, p. 39). A good example is educational abilities of some victims of this kind of crimes. However, these theories can still be associated with the traditional ones in one way or the other.Literature reviewJuvenile delinquency is one of the major fields of modern criminal studies that are ongoing. Closer analysis of this phenomenon has been summarized by various theorists, which have been put up by different scholars (Esben sen, et al, 1993. P. 33). Well being of a high night club is the most important factor that predetermines the rate of juvenile crime. Merton suggested that it is the role of the society to instill collective and positive aspirations of a society into it members and ensure this is continuous. However, when many mickle particularly adolescents are obstructed from achieving their aspirations, they switch to crime meaning that they privilege use of illegal and forceful means to achieve what is expected of them. Behavior among the teenage population has attracted a lot of interest with many studies being finished with(p) on the comparable in recent years. Between 1935- 1955, the Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory, a group of researchers made truly robust attempts to understand teenage demeanor in relation to crime (71).Kva leadus scale of study formulated in the year 1952 was used in predicting juvenile behavior in the united states enabling tremendous growth in att empts to asses both psychological and social factors that influence adolescents to get off crime (Xiaogang Lening 2008, p. 112). This tool utilizes a set of multiple-choice questions that help in the predictions of an individuals behavior when answered by the person being tested and analyzed by a professional. Kvaraceus found out that delinquent children had had very significant differences with others in maters pertaining civilizeman aptitude, family relations, truancy records, school attendance and perceptions on the two main genders. Xiaogang Lening (2008, p. 119) come on reveals that delinquent children posed a negative response for these maters with 65 percent expressing replete(p) discomfort when in class learning, implying that they were not interested that much in attending school. Delinquent fellows also reported to have experience a form of racial abuse by those that they felt were unfairly biased.The US criminal justice system has shown that seventy percent of all children in juvenile correctional facilities have one or much educational disabilities. These children happen to pose lower grades than their fellow children hence only thirty-five percent of all disenable children make it up to graduation compared to all students rates that stand at 76 percent (Esbensen, et al, 1993. P. 58). These studies also showed that first crime among this group of students was committed earlier they leave high school.Studies in the United States have further proved that delinquent individuals suffered much violent abuse than non-delinquent peers (68). One in ten of knockout juvenile offenders have reported to have in one way or the other undergone victimization as compared to one in ten of non-delinquent friends. victimised individuals have been observed to be more violent and difficult to control due to the assumption that they are already spoilt (Coughlan, 2007, P. 9). They therefore prefer victimizing others in an attempt to decide consolation for w hat previously happened to them (82). This sticks them in the world of crime in more of a permanent basis hence changing their habits conk difficult. Being blended by the society as out cast also affect their abilities to reconsider their ways of living since they find the damage caused more irreparable.Bias such as ethnicity, race and economic status have been found to propel juvenile crimes even further. This is because social animosities among involved parties lead to espousal of false perceptions against the other groups (Agnew, 2005, p. 61). African Americans have been found to have higher numbers of juveniles under safe custody, which is associated with the racism that still, exist among the American society. Minorities have also been found to have more number of juveniles under safe custody. These populations may contri thate very little to the total population of a country but the opposite is experienced when it comes to crime. In the United States for instance, the minor ity constituted only 32 percent of the total population in 1995 but sixty eightsome percent of the total juvenile population in custody were from these minority groups mainly the Negros, Latinos, and Hispanics.Social Disorganization TheoryDeveloped by Clifford Shaw and McKay Henry in Chicago school, this theory closely relates juvenile delinquency to social disorganization of a society as dictated by the ecological aspects surrounding a society. They define social disorganization as the inability of a society to organize itself in a more socially let inable manner that perpetuates uniformity and the general social well being of a society because of ecological changes within a society (Hn-su Hyn-sil 2008, p. 71). For instance, a city may experience a massive relocation of its inhabitants who go ahead to establish other settlements within the vicinity thus ending up with informal settlements such as slums. sight no longer live together as a cluster leading to emergency of new soci al classifications with low-income populations finding themselves together and vice versa. such groups of nation usually exhibit a higher population turnover leading to more crowding and eventually causing degradation of their economic potency implying that they will be poorer and weaker in tackling life (94). Youth from these poor neighborhoods tend to adopt immoral behavior, as they feel pressed by their socio-economic status well described as averagely low. Through the process of interacting, young multitude learn different behaviors from those within their neighborhoods and in most cases end up adopting the same behavior with time. Negative neighborhood ecological trends have been linked to higher crime rate among juveniles as social disorganization results in such clusters of communities that developed new social status especially with low-income populations (116).High population heterogeneity makes it difficult for such societies to come together and establish informal soci al structures. This means that there lacks uniformity within the society, dictating that a homogeneous society which can collectively adopt good moral values remain illusive. The young adults in such status will always get into criminal activities so easily as the socio-economic status does very little to prevent indulgence in criminal activities (128). Peer influence is the main vector that spreads such undesirable habits among the youth living in such neighborhoods because hatful of the same age do interact and learn from one another faster and more easily made to believe their friends more easily again raising juvenile delinquency.Strain/Institutional Anomie TheoryStrain theory is also known as the social class or the Mertonian Anomie theory. An American sociologist named Robert Merton, who mainly used the American economic status as his platform for argument, came up with this theory in expounding more on juvenile delinquency (Coleta et al 2007). Americans had developed a cultu re that was filled with prospects for freedom, prosperity, and opportunity that he called the American dream. Merton used the term anomie to imply that the living standards of the people was like a dichotomous divulge subdivided in numerous hierarchical levels that dictates what was expected from them and what could actually be achieved by the people.This cloud of beliefs led to an increase in juvenile crimes when certain obstructions were encountered such as unequal social status and imbalanced availability of opportunities for all people (Esbensen Huizinga, 1993, p. 301). The society witness massive drop out from schools by the vulnerable youths with many citing this as means to enable them achieve what was expected of them by the society, using alternative methods which is through criminal activities. This theory is still relevant up to however with many youths dropping into being gang members commonly known as hobos or drug abusers which enables them get the much expected soc ial status through crimes such as robbery with violence.The strongest impact of this theory especially in adolescents is that they are informed of the American dream as early as potential with a lot of information on what is enjoyable thereafter. The society has however exposed a greater weakness in the sense that little accent are put on the legitimate means of how to achieve these dreams implying that the way one plays the game is not important but whether one wins or gratis(p)s (317). Basing on this fact, many juveniles opt for illegal means to achieve what they are expected to, thus increasing their vulnerability to be victims of criminal activity and deviance from socially acceptable conduct as a result of crime.Subcultural Theory of Juvenile DelinquencyAccording to Hn-su Hyn-sil (2008, p. 51) this theory is fetched from the fact that modern societies have demonstrate a culture of separation where discrete groups of people have fragmented away from the main society and esta blished their own values and norms. These differential affiliations have introduced the culture of learning antisocial behaviors that are clearly defined by criminal studies as crime.Studies have shown that the most vulnerable group is the adolescents who mainly find it difficult to get along with the traditional ways of living. This has even gone to the extent of formation of cults which comer up with their own ways of living and presidency (63). Crimes from this kind of clusters have been reported in many African states where most societies are ravaging in poverty. Since the youth are the most affected, juvenile crime have increased in places where this behavior is left to take course unabated as very young people learn crime easily.The Theory of Educational disabilitiesAlthough this factor is seen by many as not social, it has resulted into a very huge impact on the general social setups of the society as regarding these children who have problems with their studies. The America n society is fond of labeling them as potential criminals basing on their inability to do better in class as Cullen Wright, (2002, p. 103) reveal. These children have a tendency to commit crimes because they are challenged mentally, and cannot use their rationale well in making decisions.The US government introduced the special education law back in 1975 with an aim of ensuring that this group of its citizens are well taken care of in matters pertaining education. However, school administrators have gone ahead to suspend and expel these children from school further intensifying the psychological burden they find themselves with when labeled as potential criminals by the society regardless of their mental abilities (Cullen Wright, 2002, p. 116). These children end up perceiving themselves as failures and loose hope in life thus getting into crime to find solace and eventually end up in systems of juvenile justice because of social rejection by those who are supposed to embrace and educate them.Family influenceThis is one of the major modern theories acknowledged by many researchers. Most theorist of modern psychology agree with this theory that an individual is more promising to be affected by the way their parents bring them up either negatively or positively depending on the existing family values already in possession by the parents. As Weiher et al. (1991, p. 22) puts it, parent-child births such as closeness, acceptance, correction, rejection among many others play a very important role when it come to predicting likely behavior a child will develop as they grow. Family influence have bee associated with negative trends with some research showing that family influence is more influential than peer group influence. Better communication strategies with strong emotional support have been found to reduce juvenile delinquency.Children with non-traditional family set ups such as single parents and reconstituted families commit more juvenile crimes than those children do from traditional families. Because a child from traditional family enjoy intimate family relationship with both parents who become mentors and role models. This is in the sense that in parents able to devote more energy and time to their children, hence positively influencing their habits (Benjamin Lahey, 2003, p. 62). These children are also least associated with delinquency as they get more resources and a more sensible family setup. On the other hand, non-traditional families fail in larger proportions to provide the same thus, children from such families are likely to get into crime when they seek to make up for what they lack. Traditional family parents have the advantage of sharing the cost of commitment to their children especially financially. This is contrary to what faces a non-traditional family parent who may find it difficult to commit time for emotional and financial support to all of his or her childrenModern society is experiencing a rapid increase in n on-traditional family set ups with many people opting for single parenthood especially women to avoid commitments that come with one being a wife and at the same time a mother. Therefore, according to Coughlan (2007, P. 29), juvenile delinquency is more rampant due to such social setups brought about by living preferences of the modern generation (35). Just as good parenting may have a benefiting effect on bringing up morally candid children, the opposite results in a poorly natured child who is more vulnerable to getting out of school for example, and getting involved in criminal activities.Critical Theories for Juvenile DelinquencyThis encompasses a set of explanations by various sociologists and renowned scholars on how differences in numerous characteristics such as gender or race can lead to an increase in rates of crimes among different members of the society. Other documents focus on group differences and how those in positions of authority trigger commitment to crime by you ng people (Coleta et al 2007).Racial differences traditionally, can be associated with the Marxism theory too which postulates that those in positions perceived superior are the most likely to dictate the pace as goes the infamous saying that he who pays the piper, calls for the tune. Marxist theory argue that people those who own production chains have the great say in making any decisions pertaining that particular line of production. Larry et al. 2008, p. 227). Argue that others who are the minorities will have to go by what the haves dictate such as the type of work to be done, by who and how. Biases that have lead to discrimination of certain specific minority groups among the many world societies have lead not only to unresolved conflicts, but also in an increase in juvenile delinquency especially in the American societies. This finding is among the most recent theories in criminal justice that explain why delinquency is on the rise in such social set ups where a particular r ace feel more superior than the other to the extent of treating the latter as subordinates (229).Racial abuses for example can be tracked right from the social status of many societies with less cosmopolitan places being affected more. This implies that where a group of people is in small numbers, biases more prevalent. Perceptions on people weak economically greatly affect young people relations with, view of people of the opposite class. It is evident in many societies across the globe that these young people will always behave in a way suggesting that they are opposed to what pertains those perceived as opponents (Agnew, 2005, p. 119). This usually results in numerous conflicts, as antagonistic beliefs are ever experienced with majorities emerging triumphant over the minorities eventually encouraging crime especially with the youth.The Kaplan Theory on Self-esteem as Delinquent FactorMost young people especially adolescents will always want to stay and fit in a place they feel recognized. Whenever this fails to happen, these people turn for alternatives to ensure that the recapture their original status of self-satisfaction. The already established criminal organizations within the society always benefit from decisions of such young people who feel rejected by their own class (Benjamin Lahey, 2003, p. 19). Criminal organizations usually offer a very satisfactory settlement, as they are easy to accept and make one feel good thus restoring the much sought self-esteem.Unfortunately, swings in self -esteem are experienced most in adolescent again making the young people more vulnerable. This is because at this stage they have developed self-preferences, which may not by provided by the society, thus making them feels rejected (Larry et al. 2008, p. 47). A solution to this is usually alternative peer groups into which they get into even if they are engaged in criminal activities. Self-derogatory theory formulated by Kaplan is being used in many research studi es to establish how far reaching the effects of low self-esteem are, in juvenile delinquency.Feminist Theory of Juvenile DelinquencyGender differences are the main factor used to argue with this theory. Despite the fact that the theory focuses on the overall rates of committing crime among people of all ages, careful analysis can lead to a more direct link to juvenile crime. The theory too, seeks to clarify why male commit crimes more than females, and why females commit crime in the general social perspective (Weiher et al. 1991, p. 42). Gender disparities experience by females is one of the major catalysts increasing the number of junior female offenders. Positions assigned to females in many societies especially in the developing world are more disadvantageous compared to that of their male counterparts. Females are likely to get into crime such as drug peddling at an early age when their rights are denied for instance when forced to drop out of school to give room for their brot hers who are socially assumed to have better chances of attending and successfully completing studies (72).Females at their younger age are more like to be abuse sexually by their dominant males thus opt for alternative forms of life, which makes them end up in crime brackets. This is because they cannot be accepted back into the society so easily as they are already labeled as delinquents at a tender age. This theory is used to explain female juvenile offences and how being female may influence the rate at which juvenile delinquency occur (82). Crime among youthful members of the society can only be understood well by considering different social encounters by females in events where men want to demonstrate their prowess in thought women.ConclusionJuvenile crime can easily be tackled when intercepted at its point of origin. Individuals who happen to be involved in such crimes usually develop the craving to do so while still young therefore posing a very good opportunity to tackle the vice as children are more malleable and can easily be molded into positive characters. Psychosocial factors also play a very important role in juvenile crime as the way people think and live determine the general social uprightness of the young generation. Perceptions cultivated among different groups of people by the people themselves are more detrimental to minorities especially when they are negative. Societies with more conspicuous differences such as races are more like to experience higher rate of juvenile delinquency.

Quantity Surveying Estimating Methods Impact

totality of money Surveying Estimating Methods ImpactIn view of the fact that the c all(prenominal)ing was existence introduced in the country, Quantity Surveyors be spin professionals which being patronized under the Institution of Surveyors, Malaysia and its Board of Quantity Surveyor Malaysia. Advices are given by Quantity Surveyors on aspects of financial and consumeual administration (ISM, 2004).ISM (2004) define, the Quantity Surveyor as the experts of cap adequate in greet and management of spin projects and in addition need to value the Bills of Quantities, negotiating and agreeing schedule of come outs. fit to Andrew Doyle and Will Hughes (1997), the Quantity Surveying profession is constantly scrutinised, with regular demands for higher verity estimating.Besides, Mohammad Barzandeh (2009) defines estimating as the functioning of calculated guessing by looking into the next salutes of a pull project before start stool. It happens before anatomical struct ure has started. The Quantity Surveyor is responsible for these thinks which serve to make original that eddy project will amaze a successful financial surfacecome. Phuwadol Samphaongoen (2009) states social organisation salute estimating as a cumbersome process. An accurate suppose takes a long epoch for the Estimator to complete it. Contractors Estimator has to prepare personify come closes quite often for new projects. tally to Skitmore, et al (1990), the aim of kink outlay estimating is to provide an estimate of the market determine for the construction contracts.In the opposite book, Holm et al (2005) defines cost estimating as the process of analysing a specific scope of invent which predicting the cost of performing the work. Cost estimating also involves collecting, analysing and summarising all available data related to a construction project. Hira N. Ahuja Walter J. Campbell (1998) define a simple definition of an estimate which is a prediction of probab le cost. agree to Mohammad Barzandeh (2009), estimating is one of the most important functions for a successful construction project. These Estimates also turn the decisions made for bud enchanting and assist in guests decisions for fillion of the Contractor.1.2 Problem StatementCost intrude on is a very common phenomenon as most of the construction projects in Malaysia facing this problem. Cost overrun occurs when the final cost or expenditure of the construction project beyond the original estimation cost. Cost overrun occurs in both underdeveloped and positive countries. (A.S. Ali S.N. Kamaruzzaman, 2010)Besides, Kai Zhu (2005) emphasises, cost estimation and planning is a very important and fundamental aspect in the construction process, it facilitates effective and efficient control of the construction projects. nonwithstanding their importance, often in practice beca numeric function of time constraints, its requirements are not usually fulfilled which in the long ru n affect a projects quality, duration and budget.According to Kai Zhu (2005), one of the factors that cause cost overrun in Malaysia construction effort which is the inaccuracy of cost estimation prepared by Quantity Surveyors, the possible consequence of cost overrun is abandon of construction project due to underestimate. On the other hand, overestimated cost could bequeath evil of opportunities by the Client and loss of contract yield by the Contractor, both the Client and the Contractor could incur signifi quartert losses due to underestimated cost.In addition, Stephen D. Schuette et al (1994) emphasises that inaccurate construction project estimates faculty have a detrimental effect on all parties involved. Many additional factors which might affect the future events of construction project such as work productivity, material availability, financial markets, weather, constructability issues, equipment availability, contract types, ethics, quality issues, control brass, management ability and others.1.3 ObjectivesObjectivesTo find out the factors that affecting the accuracy of estimation by Quantity Surveyor during pre- attender and tender stage.To identify the impact of inaccuracy in estimation to the Client and/or the Contractor.To make recommendation for minimise the inaccuracy of estimation during pre-tender and tender stage.1.4 Rationale of studyKeith Potts (2011) states, the estimating process is very important, as it enables construction companies to determine their direct costs and provides a bottom line cost below which it would not be economical for them to carry out the construction work. Leng (2005) also states, cost estimation is one of the most important activities of the entire project duration. An over-estimate could troika to tender not being accepted by the Client and losing potential work. An under-estimate could lead to Contractor losing money.According to Hira N. Ahuja Walter J. Campbell (1998), cost estimate play the major role in the decision-making process which leads from concept to completion of a construction project. Cost estimating has become very important under economic conditions with high flashs and fiscal constraints.As mentioned by Keith Potts (2011), the basic challenges faced by the Contractors Estimator is to estimate the costs of constructing a project schedule for the specific construction activities and after that build the construction project within the estimated cost and schedule. Contractor to build a construction project profitably, the cost estimating and cost control skills are very essential for the Contractor.Kai Zhu (2005) recommends that the factors which affect the accuracy of estimation should be identifying in order to growth the accuracy of estimation. Besides, accurate cost estimation minimise the risk of cost overrun, provides confidence on construction project outcomes to the management and contributes to the strategic management of the organization. According t o Zaitoun Shadeed Al-Khaldi (1990), there are many factors that affect the accuracy of construction cost estimating and it should be taken into account in the archaeozoic stage of an estimate. Some of the factors throw out increase costs and the possibility of contractual disputes between the various parties involved.1.5 Research MethodologiesAs say by Richard Fellows Anite Liu (2008), there are two major approaches being employed for data collection, which are primary data and secondary data. Primary sources allow the researcher to obtain as close as possible to what in reality happened during a historic event or time period. A secondary source is a work which interprets or analyses an historical event or phenomenon. It is broadly speaking at least one step removed from the event and is normally based on primary sources.According to Richard Fellows Anite Liu (2008), primary sources substructure be reason into qualitative, quantitative or a mixed system research. In qualit ative approaches seek to obtain insight and to understand peoples perception. Quantitative approaches tend to relate to incontrovertibleness and seek to obtain factual data, to study relationship between facts and how such facts and relationships accord with theories and the searching from any research executed previously. Interview will be conducted in order to derive primary data. Besides, Quantitative approach such as questionnaires will be employed and conduct with postal bringing and e-mail.According to Denscombe (2007), secondary data provide the researcher theoretical background and knowledge. Secondary data will be self-contained by literature reassessment method, which complicate reading journal, articles, published electronic, thesis or dissertation done by other students, news and books. For this project dissertation, majority of the secondary data is collected through books, articles and journals.Chapter 2 Literature Review2.1 Factors affecting the accuracy of estim atingAccording to Hira N. Ahuja Walter J. Campbell (1998), accuracy in estimating relies on freedom of avoidable mistakes. Estimates errors may also be attributed to practiced errors in calculations or simply to careless blunders. Some ordinary blunders are misplacing a decimal point, failing to include the total of either estimate sheet in the final summary, errors in transferring figures from one sheet to another, simple multiplication or addition mistakes and misreading a number because of unclear handwriting. both one of these types of errors grass lead a meaningful effect on the accuracy of an estimate.2.1.1 Construction items2.1.1.1 Complexity of projectMichael kitchens (1996) emphasises that the construction industry has become increasingly complex through the years as a leave alone of improvement and advance in technology, natural ontogenesis and litigation. H. van Meerveld, et al (2009) states that the level of complexness of a construction project is a function of three features which include organisational complexity, imagery complexity and/or technical complexity. Cost estimation might influence by organisational complexity, resource complexity and/or technical complexity.As mentioned by Michael kitchens (1996), organisational complexity is the number of people, departments and organisations that are involved. Organisational complexity might lead to a loss of information due to communication becomes more difficult when more people are involved. The information that is lost can sometimes be necessary for getting an estimate. Organisational complexity can also indicate that Estimators work coincidingly on the same project. In this case, Estimators have to put more effort into coordinating this simultaneous work.According to H. van Meerveld et al. (2009), resource complexity is the volume of resources involved constantly assessed through the budget of the construction project. Resource complexity means that the overall amount of work needed to estimate increases which also increase the chance of making mistakes or errors.H. van Meerveld et al. (2009) note that technical complexity is the level of innovation involved in the product or the construction project process or novelty of interfaces between different parts of that process or product. Technical complexity means that Estimators will have to make manual adjustment to acquire a more accurate estimate on the particular construction project. In projects that are more complex are subject to a higher chance for the change of design. The Estimator has to re-estimate the complete project or parts of it depending on the sort of design changes.H. van Meerveld et al. (2009) state that in general there are two issues influence the estimating activities on more complex projects, which include a higher demand for coordination and structure to prepare an estimating for the construction project. Besides, if complexity increases estimating will need more effort to acquire an est imate and the probability of making mistakes increases.However, accord to A. Ashworth et al., the complexity of modern construction industry and the variety of processes employ have limited the availability of reliable feedback of information. In practice, the Estimator will have to use his own standard outputs and couple these with an expectation of future performance.2.1.1.2 Labour productivityAs stated by Donald F. McDonald et al (2004), on construction projects there are numerous circumstances and events that may cause productivity to decline which the Estimator might not anticipated when estimating the construction cost. Estimating roils and equipments costs requires more knowledge of construction techniques and experienced judgment as compare with estimating material cost. As estimating labours and equipment cost has the greatest uncertainty is in predicting the productivity of the labours and equipment that used on the construction project.According to Aiyetan Ayodeji Olat unji (2010), construction productivity is influenced by many factors which including material, equipment, tools, construction methods, management skills in terms of adequacy and accurate application. Donald F. McDonald et al (2004) mention that as a result of poor project management may be caused by the failure to properly schedule and coordinate the work and the Estimator might not expect that event of the poor project management.According to Donald F. McDonald et al (2004), work that is not scheduled properly which might lead to trivialage of critical construction equipment or labours and incorrect mix of labour crews may result in decreased productivity of the labour because the labour may not able to work as efficiently as they could. Improperly planned and implemented project initiation procedures might also lead to lost labour productivity.Donald F. McDonald et al (2004) also states that if material, tools or construction equipment are not available to particular labour at th e right location and timing, the productivity of the particular labour probably suffer as they may be unable to proceed in a consistent manner. Productivity of the labour might suffer if the wrong tools or improperly size equipment is provided. In addition, poor site layout design can affect the productivity.In addition, Lee Holm et al. (2005) emphasise that estimating should be vary depend on site conditions, labour size, labour experience and equipment selected for the particular construction project. As lost productivity of labours are not tracked normally or cannot be discerned separately and contemporaneously.2.1.1.3 meagerly timeDavid G. Carmichael (2002) emphasises that construction projects involving design time of months or years which request the Contractors to digest the tender documents and submit the tender within a relative short period. The planning, estimating, developing a work method, studies and others are prepared within a short period or an depleted time is a llowed. The Contractors is required an appropriate tender period to develop thorough the tender.David G. Carmichael (2002) states that as insufficient time is given to the Contractor for estimating and pricing the tender in rushing process, the Contactor might miss out any prior consideration. Binnington Copeland Associates (2012) also state that as the failure to allow the Estimator adequate time to carefully consider and pricing for risks which might result in excessively high tender prices where substantial contingency is allowed by the Estimator to cover unexpected situation, as the Estimator had not enough time to deal with it. Besides, accord to David G. Carmichael (2002), this presents a challenge to the Estimator who has to prepare and complete several estimates and tenders in a relative short period of time.Tang Wai Kuen, Raymond (2005) emphasises that insufficient time for cost estimating is the prior factors which cause inaccurate cost estimating incur, as construction programmes are very tight and designs are frequently changed. The performance of cost management adversely affects the Estimator to estimates as insufficient time is provided.2.1.1.4 Inadequate informationAccording to Aiyetan Ayodeji Olatunji (2010), majority of the Contractors Estimator facing problem when tendering for a construction project which the information provided is insufficient. Under this circumstance, the Estimator must make his or her own estimation and effrontery on it, if inaccurate estimation has been made, it may lead the Contactor overestimate or underestimate. Overestimate might cause the Contractor unable to award the construction project, underestimate might cause the Contractor unable to get along profit from the particular project or more worst still abandon of work due to insufficient financial to run the construction project.2.1.1.5 leave out of availability of equipmentThere are two major circumstances which faced by the Estimator when estimating or pr icing the tender. Firstly, the Estimator might require estimating the variant of the price of equipment for relative long of period as the construction period normally last for few years. Secondly, during tendering stage the Estimator might require deciding whether own the equipment or hire the equipment from specialist company if the project require certain equipment which the Contractor does not own the equipment (Zaitoun Shadeed Al-Khaldi, 1990).According to Zaitoun Shadeed Al-Khaldi (1990), the Estimator has to evaluate and select one particular piece of equipment, it is essential to determine its hourly cost very accurately. Some factors have to be considered during this stage, which are number of hours used per day, month and year, severity of job conditions, the way the equipment has been maintained and the demand for equipment owned by the Contractor when it is sold. In addition, the price of the equipment might be increase due to inflation or many mega projects are run con currently which might cause the unavailability of the equipment.2.1.1.6 Incomplete drawing and detail designLee Holm et al. (2005) emphasise that the accuracy of estimate also will depend upon the completeness of the contract documents provided and others. In addition, the factors of incomplete drawing and detail design as the factors which cause inaccuracy of estimation in construction project. During tendering, the Contractors Estimator is carrying out the estimating work due to drawing is unclear and none very detail shown in the drawing. The Estimator has to make his or her own assumption for estimating and pricing the tender. This factor will increase the chance of inaccuracy estimation for the particular construction project.2.1.1.7 Computerised estimating software productThe actual use of the computing device for estimating is varied within the construction industry. Some companies use the computer for all construction projects with a high degree of sophistication and some o ther companies do not use the computer at all. (Stephen D. Schuette Roger W. Liska, 1994)Phuwadol Samphaongoen (2009) defines enlarge cost estimating as a cumbersome process that involves a lot of data and calculations, improvement in technology that could assist the estimating process of construction cost it could reduce the Estimators work load. Computers are considered to be effective tools for assisting Estimators during the pre-tendering and tendering stage. Computers provide many benefits to the Estimator, which including reducing estimation errors, the time required and others.Stephen D. Schuette Roger W. Liska (1994) state that the early uses of computers by the construction companies were limited to news report functions only. The improvement in micro-computering have increased knowledge of computer capabilities construction managers have begun to use computers in prevalent construction operations to make quick and accurate decisions.Phuwadol Samphaongoen (2009) states estimating technologies which include spreadsheets, builds soft, microsoft excel, cost estimating software, digitizing tablets, on-screen digitizing systems and the yet to be matured 3-D CAD parametric estimating software and others. During the detailed cost estimating process various software packages are available to assist the Estimator. The capabilities of software packages vary greatly, as some of the software is include labour, equipment and material cost databases, after the database is set up which could facilitates the estimating process.According to Phuwadol Samphaongoen (2009), a spreadsheet is a computer application which simulates a theme worksheet. It arrange for the user with cells that are compiled into rows and columns. Each of the cells can contain either text, numerical values or formula, it can be defined in cells to obtain calculated value from the related cells. Complicated mathematicsematical calculations can be automated with a change or alter of a single c ell with the use of formula in the spreadsheet. Estimator uses the worksheets to revivify the estimating process. A template can be set up by the Estimator with saved formula in the spreadsheet. Quantity take-off calculations can perform within a spreadsheet by the Estimator. Although a spreadsheet requires a lot of input from the Estimator, it could remove the cumbersome and error prone manual calculations during the quantity take-off and pricing.As stated by Mofti Bin Marjuki (2006), Global Estimating is an estimating program which has been tailored for commercial use in the construction industry. Bills of Quantities or detailed Estimates and Cost Plans can be produce through this program. Designed primarily for use by commercial build Contractors and professional Quantity Surveyors it includes features which allow it to be used in other industries where estimating is required. The grouping columns in this program are very powerful as it can be re-sorted or analysed the entered information. For example, the estimate can be summarised to produce totals by area, block, stage, cost centre, accounting group, or any user defined set of codes.Mofti Bin Marjuki (2006) mentioned Microsoft excel can be used for contains or store industry standard cost data in the CSI format for all cost categories covering general construction. Unit prices include material and labor including labor hours. This software provide tardily modify and add cost data to suit local conditions and business. Besides that, Microsoft excel instantly creates user-modifiable, onscreen or printed estimate reports including price quotation. In addition, this software can save time, improve accuracy and achieve greater success.Phuwadol Samphaongoen (2009) notes that a digitizing tablet is a computer input device which uses a stylus and a introduce surface to capture the drawing on to the computer system. The drawing traced on the tracking surface transfers point coordinates to a computer it can be used for many different purposes which including construction cost estimating. Digitizing tablets purpose in construction cost estimating is to digitize the paper-based blueprints provided by Estimator or the designer.For example, the Estimator can get the length, perimeter and area out of the drawing by the scale provided in the blueprints. These parameters are available when using the digitizing tablet through software package. After the paper blueprints have been digitized and the quantities for all work items have been determined, the Estimator might those quantities to estimate the prices of items, but quantity takeoff using the digitizing tablets may cause errors from unstable hand during tracing the drawing. Digitizing require a large number of blueprints which is very time-consuming process to the Estimator. (Phuwadol Samphaongoen, 2009)Phuwadol Samphaongoen (2009) mentioned that 3-D computer aided drawing (CAD) models allow estimators visualize what is press release to be built in the 3-D environment. The ability to digitally extract and transfer data can speed up and facilities the cost estimating process. A building model allow the user seen in many different views which include details of elements, dimensions can be extracted and transferred to the estimating software.In the other hand, Stephen D. Schuette Roger W. Liska, (1994) state that the duties of the Estimator might change if the Estimators company implements the use of the computer in the estimating process. Before computerisation estimating process the Estimator spent the greatest amount of time determining the quantities of materials and performing math calculations. Computers accomplish these tasks rapidly and accurately permit the Estimator to give more attention and concentration to alternative construction methods, material supplier negotiations, predicting the productivity of labours, developing accurate cost information and bidding strategies.Everything that comes out of the comp uter, the Estimator should not accept it blindly or rely totally on the computerised system as the computer cannot make judgment. The result of the computerised estimate software should always review by Estimator to avoid errors and mistakes as computerised estimate software is not immune to technical faults which are likely not to be detected easily and early as recommend by Stephen D. Schuette Roger W. Liska (1994).Besides, Stephen D. Schuette Roger W. Liska (1994) state that computerised estimate software could also be susceptible to technical limitations such as inability to work under certain conditions, inability to work well with other tools and limited to technical support. It might trigger severe consequences on estimating processes due to the Estimators deprivation of knowledge on those computerised estimate software.The manifestations of tool based error are which included software construction, faults from programme performance frameworks, errors from a secondary sou rce, end-users inappropriate use, inability to interact perfectly with other applications and others (Oluwole Allfred Olatunji, 2010).In addition, Oluwole Allfred Olatunji (2010) mentions that computerised estimate software could obsolesce of standards due to evolution of information technology in the estimating industry, especially description libraries and databases used for automatic estimating. Estimators or applications must be updated frequently when built into a programme as reference standards for reviewed, otherwise that the program possibility miss-apply the standards.2.1.1.8 Experience or qualification of Quantity Surveyor EstimatorAccording to Skitmore et al. (1990), expert Quantity Surveyors in the UK provided evidence of significant differences in estimating accuracy between the individual surveyors involved. Lee Holm et al. (2005) emphasise that the accuracy of estimate also will depend upon the completeness of the experience of the Estimator and others. As stated by Hira N. Ahuja Walter J. Campbell (1998), the Estimators knowledge can provide a measure of insight and accuracy that is unobtainable from any other information sources.According to Skitmore et al. (1990), construction contract price estimating practice is, with very few exceptions, heavily dependent on the skill of the Estimator. This skill is associated with the other factors affecting the quality of Estimator which are the reputation of the target, information, technique and feedback and the personal attributes of the forecaster himself combining to provide the general term of expertise.Besides that, Mudd (1984, p.1-2) has described that Contactors Estimator should associated with certain qualities. These include good basic weigh and literate education, reasonable time spent on site, interpret drawings, ability to communicate, facility to make accurate mathematical calculations, application of logic and common sense, patience, able to cope with a vast volume of paper, a working knowledge of all the major trades, close relationship with those peoples who are responsible for construction, a set of picking up useful information, flexibility and others.2.1.1.9 New/innovative techniques or materialsThe implemention of Industrialised Building System (IBS) is still not widespread in the industry despite the government has encouraged the implementation of IBS towards reducing percentage of foreign works and improving quality, productivity, safety and competitiveness through IBS construction method. IBS is a construction process that utilises techniques, products, components or building system which involved prefabricated components and on-site installation (CIDB 200).Salihudin Hassim, Mohd Saleh Jaafar and Saiful Azri Abu Hasan Sazalli (2009) emphasise that since the first project of IBS in year 1964 till today, IBS in Malaysia is not well accepted by the construction parties because of failure to adequately deal with risk in the IBS projects. The failure to keep in cost estimate in IBS project is still common in Malaysia and it is one of the reasons that limit the development of IBS in Malaysia construction industry.2.1.1.10 Availability of historical price dataMartin Brook (2008) states that estimating method used for cost planning and estimating which relies on historical cost data during early stages, whereas current price apply by analytical estimating approach to resource for a well-developed design. According to Hira N. Ahuja Walter J. Campbell (1998), most established companies make it a policy to keep records of actual costs incurred on their various construction projects.As mentioned by Hira N. Ahuja Walter J. Campbell (1998), the estimator can determine if his estimated costs were accurate or otherwise through comparing records of estimated costs. If the estimating is not accurate, whether the discrepancy was due to Estimator own lack of expertise or rather or incur some unforeseen cost-incurring conditions. In addition, these c ost records serve another function, which is providing reliable cost data for preparing future estimates.Tang Wai Kuen, Raymond (2005) mentions that there are several historical databases available that provide current values for estimating costs of the several units of work for a project. The example of historical price data such as databases are collect from records of actual project costs or companys own past experience and on-going price quotations from suppliers and are published annually in the form of books, CDs and computer-based extranets.Stephen D. Schuette Roger W. Liska (1994) suggested that it is important that accurate database information be received to develop the estimating information data bank. In the other hand, according to Tang Wai Kuen, Raymond (2005), applying published data or software database pricing without first adjusting for the particular aspects of the project it might cause underestimate or overestimate. As every project in construction is unique as every project with a distinct set of local factors, for examples size of project, level of competition, flexibility of specifications, work site, working hour restrictions and others.As stated by Tang Wai Kuen, Raymond (2005), review each line item by the professional Estimator is required when the estimating system attached to a price database, such review for the Estimator to make sure it is applicable. Inaccurate estimates can be caused by the Estimator applying these database prices blindly. Historical can be constitute a major cause of inaccurate cost estimate, if the Estimator store incorrect or inaccurate data as price database, in future the Estimator prepare cost estimation relies on inaccurate or incorrect database cause occurrence of inaccurate estimate.On the other hand, Hira N. Ahuja Walter J. Campbell (1998) emphasis, estimating publications have increase greatly, these guides are invaluable to Estimators who do not have access to actual job records. Published data a re useful during all stages of estimate development. Although it is certainly not recommended that published data alone be used for an entire estimate, but it is undoubtedly useful in filling in the gaps in cost information where no other source is unavailable.2.1.2 Financial factorsAiyetan Ayodeji Olatunji (2010) states that the performance of construction projects negatively affects by financial risk, financial risks might include high inflation and increased construction of the project. These factors affect particular projects where materials and goods are required for construction have to be imported from foreign country. The exchange rate changes on a daily basis are high so that the interest rate subject to change, it increases the percentage or chances of inaccuracy estimation occur. As mentioned by Laeeq Hassan (2010), financial risk associated with construction projects which include paucity of funds, delay in payment and others. All construction parties or compani

Programming Under The Wizards Spell :: essays research papers

The computer is a tool that has become indispensable to the modern family and company. In flourishing so successfully the computer has passed from incredibly complex and unusable to any sensation how was not well versed in its intricacies, to consumer oriented and user-friendly. In Ellen Ullmans essay, Programming Under The Wizards Spell, she attempts to convince to endorser that the computer has been over simplified to the point of no return. The simplification of the computer made it more user-friendly and there for more appealing to customers, this only blind people into using the computer the way corporate America wanted them to, using without understanding.First, this essay is a hybrid, it is a mix of the expository and comparison and strain essay. In the first part she attempts to examine the differences between various Microsoft operating systems and the Unix operating system. Then the author tries to answer the question What is it ? and What is it not ? in paragraphs 3, Ul lman states Unix ever presumes that you know what youre doing. and in referring to Microsoft she states it as "Consumer-oriented, idiot-proofed, covered by its pretty skin of icons and dialog boxes ...". She has tactfully drawn the boundaries between the two products which start to take one the appearance of the good and the corporate induced regretful. Ullman has now inferred her goal, she wishes to convince the reader of her convictions of the new computerised corporate America. Also, she uses simple wording, narration and a somewhat comic relation of her experiences, effectively leading the reader into drawing negative conclusions about the new consumer oriented computer. She does not truly attempt to be objective but gives that magic by shortly stating in the first paragraph a reasonable, professional choice in a world where Microsoft platforms are everywhere. This was a reasonably good statement that inspires in the reader to believe that Ellen Ullman is waying th e good and the bad. Further more, once finished, the reader can only conclude that there where so many more bad things than good things about Microsoft that it most likely a bad product hinged on reducing our computing freedom. This conclusion is of course the only one possible to anyone how reads the essay. she made it this way but without actually expressing this opinion herself, she is merle telling a story littered with an unfavourable tone that seeped out of the text by her choice of wording "My computer.