Correctional philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Correctional philosophy - Essay ExampleClearly, the fight on medicines has dramatic everyy increased the influx of inmates to the correctional system.Admittedly, stiffer sentences for medicine offenders are not an effective style to deal with the problem. Had it been so, the picture would have been different by now. In addition, it is quite expensive to detain all the drug offenders. At present 59% of the jail inmates are drug offenders. Despite all these efforts and expenditure, the beat of drug captured is just 10%, and most of the people arrested on drug charges are just drug users, not drug dealers. That means the dealers and the real culprits manage to evade punishment even now, and government spends dissever of money on keeping the drug users in jails. Thus, it is clear that stiffer sentences will not deter drug use in either way. Instead, what is more useful is to focus on education programs through schools and health services. As far as people feel to use drugs, they will find them at any cost and as far as people want them, drug dealers will continue their supply, and no closing up of border will help. So, the best way out is to catch people new(a) through schools and other awareness programs, which are less expensive and more

The Hegemony Debate in International Relations Essay

The Hegemony Debate in International Relations - Essay practiceIn technical terms, a polar actor (or a pole) is a state or a coalition of states that is so signifi tail assemblyt that its removal (or its entrance) would alter the contours of the interstate system. In more stock(a) parlance, a polar actor is a Great Power.Polarity concerns the way in which the major capabilities of proponent are distributed among the main actors of the interstate system. In a multipolar system, the main capabilities are distributed among several Great Powers. In a bipolar system, the capabilities are distributed between two preeminent Powers - as was the case during the height of the wintry War. In a unipolar system, one single state has managed to concentrate an inordinately large piece of the systems capabilities under its own control and thus enabled itself to exercise an unch alto pop offherenged pre-eminence on the international scene. (Nye, 1990)With such an colossal concentration of capab ilities on American hands, it is clear that the contemporary interstate system is unipolar in nature. The ground forces stands head and shoulders above all other states in terms of source capabilities both military and economically but is it necessarily hegemonicThe hegemony cycle is based on t... This preeminent position is called hegemony.Hegemony seems to have acquired two connotations, supportive and negative. In the positive image, benign hegemony, the leading country takes on the burden of maintaining international order and pays a disproportionate price for doing so. In this approach, international order is seen as a public good benefiting all countries, supported by the hegemonic power. Kindleberger (197328) argues that the international economic and monetary system needs leaders, a country which is lively , consciously or unconsciously, under some system of rules that it has internalized, to set standards of conduct for other countries and to seek to get others to foll ow them , to take on an undue share of the burdens of the system . Britain had this role from 1815 to 1913, and the United States after 1945, match to Kindleberger, but in the interwar years Britain was unable, and the United States was unwilling, to accept this leadership role Kindleberger sees in this lack of leadership the main causes for the severity of the depression of the 1930s . Hegemonic stability theory (see Keohane 1980), to quote McKeowns (1983 73) summary, argues that it is the power of hegemonic states that leads to the emergence of impart international economic systems with free trade, benefiting all. According to Puchala (2005, p. 572), the term hegemony refers to the predominance of one state over others which can mean primacy in importance, authority or force. Hegemony is the result of a single state attaining such power as to enable him or give him the right to manage the international system. This state find themselves creditworthy to manage

Direct Approach and Communicative Language Teaching Research Proposal

Direct Approach and Communicative dustup Teaching - Research Proposal ExampleThe direct advancement is therefore based on the speculation that learning a second quarrel shares practically the same(p) concepts as learning the first language (Thanasoulas, 2011, par. 5). The basic framework, therefore, emphasizes the need for regular and frequent oral interaction, no translation, using the language with spontaneity, and as the minimum analytical application of grammatical rules and structures of syntax. As disclosed by Thanasoulas, the principles of the Direct Method were as follows (1) schoolroom instruction was conducted in the target language (2) there was an inductive memory access to grammar (3) only everyday language was taught and (4) concrete language was taught through pictures and objects, while abstract vocabulary was taught by association of ideas (Thanasoulas, 2011). The direct approach is therefore based on the theory that learning a second language shares practi cally the same concepts as learning the first language (Thanasoulas, 2011, par. 5). The basic framework, therefore, emphasizes the need for regular and frequent oral interaction, no translation, using the language with spontaneity, and as the minimal analytical application of grammatical rules and structures of syntax. As disclosed by Thanasoulas, the principles of the Direct Method were as follows (1) classroom instruction was conducted in the target language (2) there was an inductive approach to grammar (3) only everyday vocabulary was taught and (4) concrete vocabulary was taught through pictures and objects, while abstract vocabulary was taught by association of ideas (Thanasoulas, 2011).c. How might they be hireful for your context and why? The approach can, therefore, be applicable and implementd in ones personal context through frequent instruction and use of the second language one intends to learn where focus could be highlighted on everyday conversational language. The instructors could limn pictures and visual illustrations of concrete words to assist in familiarization and as indicated, to grasp abstract words, the instructor could use more familiar words to associate the meanings to new and abstract concepts.d. What are their limitations? As revealed and as eminent, the limitations and difficulties of this approach is the amount of sequence needed to learn the second language given the classroom type and time frame. To effectively use this approach, one must not be pressured by time and also by budget or financial constraints. For example, if English as a Second Language is determined to be learned using the direct approach, living longer in the United States and conversing frequently with this language as practical application is most preferred.

IT Component in MIS Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

IT Component - Research Paper ExampleWhen employed in an organization, management teaching systems transform the dynamics employed by the organization in order to operate efficiently. One of the important advantages of MIS is decentralization. MIS makes it possible for the operations of the organization to be monitored at low levels and goes further to free resources used by department managers while devoting time to strategic plans and actions. Such a system ensures specialized projects are closely coordinated and the decision makers are wholesome informed of the problems and issues in different departments. MIS also reduces information clot which is common in conventional businesses.In my organization, MIS was designed in such a way that it was in a property to effectively aggregate information, monitor the activities of the organization and enhanced collaboration as well as communication among employees. The above led to better planning within the organization and enabled th e management to return up with means of measuring performances, facilitate compliance and manage resources according to government and industry regulations. The inhibit achieved through the employment of MIS also helps in the accurate budgets preparations, forecasting and offers vital tools and information to business partners, aggrandizement management and employees.The main aim of adapting MIS in my organization was to come up with processed and synthesized information from manual systems as well as computerized systems. By doing this, information was easily distributed to different levels of professionals and corporate managers making severalise executives become seamless in relation to the streamlined MIS. The system places the managers in such a position that they are able to make decisions that are informed, quick and timely.

Walt Disney Company Context Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Walt Disney Company Context Analysis - Essay ExampleHis success was not instant more film distributors laughed at his ideas. He met with constant criticisms and was judged as being an average cartoonist. The actual design of rice paddy fawn was attributed to Iwerks. However, Disney did get credit for his ability to visualize characters and stories. Disneys earlier films were funded with his own property. Mickey Mouse brought in enough money to allow him to develop other projects. (Walt Disney Company, 2003). His first full-length film, Snow pureness and the Seven Dwarfs, opened in 1937 and was a hit. This move produced a line of successful movies. When the 1950s rolled around Americans began to spend more time at home, therefore, he advanced into television. He was seen as an moving-picture show after World War II as his innovation brought mouse ears into the homes and lives of children all over the world. He is wellspring known as a visionary of sound animation but also an p ioneer of the American business model as well. (Kao, 2010). Historical and Geographical Elements Disney has been a very influential withdraw in the entertainment industry, especially for children and families. Walt Disney was born of humble beginnings in 1901 in Chicago. His upbringing has said to of been a great influence on his later middle-class family status. His father, Elias, moved the family throughout the Midwest looking for work. In those days hard work to support a household of five children was prized. However, there was little money left for entertainment. The children were forced to go to work at an azoic age, and Walt began work at age nightspot as a newspaper delivery boy. He and his companions and sisters were given social and religious values from an early age. (The Walt Disney Company, 2003. P.2). He found that he was very talented in art at age 14 so he enrolled at the Kansas City Art Institute. From ages 14 to 16 he signed up to serve as an ambulance driver d uring World War I. Shortly after the war had ended he found employment as a commercial artist, and was able to form an animated cartoon play along in Kansas City. From there he teamed up with his brother Roy who lived in Hollywood. (The Walt Disney Company, 2003, p.3). Word reached the West Coast soon after Disney arrived from a company wanting to gain the rights to Disney live action cartoon reels. He took benefit of the business opportunity and joined with M. J. Winkler who offered $1.500 per reel. (The Walt Disney Company, 2003, p.3). From there his career took off. Disney studios took full advantage of the small screen renewing of television. (The Walt Disney Company, 2003, p.3). In 1955 Disneyland opened in Anaheim, California and The Mickey Mouse Club debuted on ABC television. any kid in American had Mickey Mouse ears. This brought on such movies as The Shaggy wiener and Mary Poppins in 1964, which was a box office hit. The Wonderful World of Disney started in 1955 as w ell and ran for 20 years. He always demanded professionalism of his employees as well as the highest quality technology available. Walt Disney died in 1966 of cancer, however, his brother vowed to make sure his employees carried on the standards of his work. (The Walt Disney Company, 2003, p.4). Geographically the Walt Disney Parks and Resorts began in California, however, the second one, Walt Disney World Resort founded in Orlando, Florida became the model for the others. The Tokyo Disney Resort was the first to open in another country in 1983 and set ahead expanded in

Noble Energy Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Noble Energy Inc - Essay Example passim the years of its existence, the bon ton has managed to overcome a lot of economic challenges which affirm encouraged and promoted them to have a strong financial cash flow system. Some of the operations that have enhanced their financial status include their on-shore and off-shore operations that are located in different parts of the world. The company has been planning to string out its operations strategically by promoting partnerships that will allow it to save on costs and leverage on the expertise of the company. As a result, the company has ventured into fulfilling partnerships with several energy companies worldwide. It is without doubt that strategic partnerships and alliances always come across that a company has a strong business foundation for years to come. The companys cover drilling technology is up to par with the current standards. With that, they have an added advantage over energy companies that have not yet acquired the latest drilling technologies. In addition to that, their leadership and management can be termed as solemn since they have driven the company to the level that they are in currently. The market that is easy is open for more energy options to be realized by the different energy companies. It is without doubt that if the company invests in natural gas plants they will have a variety of energy solutions to offer to their customers.

Market failure Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Market failure - Re search Paper ExampleExperts opine that on that point are multiple reasons that have worked behind the extinction of the cod. The most noteworthy reason that worked to this outcome is that the market place could not allocate the resource efficiently and the federal government did not have every cosmopolitan policy for developing the fishing labor in a sustainable manner. This made the fishing zones compromising to over fishing and it light-emitting diode to over exploitation of the resource. This creates a negative externality since the ecological eternal rest is lost due to depletion of the natural resources beyond normal replenishing capability of nature. Once faced with the depleting fish reserve, the government activity of Canada took reconstructive steps to allow the population of the extinct species to grow and launched a process of strict monitor of fishing activities in the zone. Background By the first decade of the 16th century, the news spread il k fire that the fishing ports along the northern coast of Europe were a rich reserve of varied species of marine fish (Emery). By the beginning of the 1990s, the cod fisheries were exploited ravenously. The once-plentiful stock of cod along with near(prenominal) other species had dwindled and reached the brink of becoming extinction. After the stories of cod fisheries spread, foreign fishermen started to catch cod from this zone. They made consumption of efficient technology highly efficient technology that helped fishermen to locate the position of fishes and harvest exceptionally outsize amounts of the fish, particularly cod. Stronger vessels, such as technologically advanced trawlers allowed big fishing fleets to visit this zone and from nonadjacent places and work on these shores for several months at a stretch. Fishing became an important economic activity and it was leftover to the market for demand to be supplied with adequate quantities. Hence this led to maximization of the individual private fishermens profit objective. This led to catching of fish following the commercial objectives of increasing production efficiency. Overestimation of the order of magnitude of stock of cod fish in these fisheries by the government officials in the countries of Europe and by some international bodies allowed the harvesting of fish, which crossed the limit of sustainable harvest (Cod Moratorium). Quotas were assigned sometimes by these organizations, but, these conformed to the economic requirements of these countries and did not comply with the ecological requirements. The outcome of this phenomenon was a situation of overexploitation of the northern cod. In 1991, the catch rate reduced significantly and also the concentration of large fish reduced (Emery). This led to reduction of fishing activity in the region. The total allowable catch was reduced by the Canadian government in 1991. A two-year moratorium was put on the harvest of northern cod in July in t he same year. One year later, in July 1992, the Canadian government shut down the industry for an infinite period of time. Issue Market failure in Canadian fisheries Economic incentives for overfishing The tragedy of parkland A classic example of the tragedy of commons is the case of depleting northern cod stock. High sea fisheries in the pacific are a common resource and do not have any specific owner. Therefore these resources are exploited with the profit motive of the

Design Management and Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Design Management and Marketing - seek ExampleAs a result, an sexagenarian person becomes overly concerned ab issue certain issues that poke him to become much(prenominal) lonelier about his life.A persons attitude may need to be adjusted it could be at the root of his unhappiness. For instance, some time-honored people insist on living alone intimately beyond their ability to care for themselves. One woman who was disabled and was living alone on a large piece of property posted a sign on her door that said sustentation Out She felt that all anybody wished was her money or property she distrusted everyone. Such a person is not growing old with understanding. What a sad situation True, not everybody can be trusted. hardly how much wiser it is to accept the fact that some can be trusted and to receive the friendship and assistant of those genuinely trying to be helpful Some elderly ones may feel that they have lived out their lives. But they are still living, and they will find it beneficial to keep their minds active and to use their opinion abilities to the full. Learning new things is not beyond their capabilities and can be enriching, although it may take longer for them to project than when they were young. For this particular reason, as derived from the explanations on the causes of old age loneliness, a crossroad that would help old antique somebodys deal with the adversaries of the fact that they are already living the last years of their lives, shall be introduced within the condition of this paper.Knowing how marketing and innovati... In this regard, product for the elderly aimed to making the said individuals more active and expeditious in their old age is the focus of the said process. Keeping the elderly active and well mental process in terms of their mental and limited physical abilities even beyond their old age. Through this product, pleasing the said individuals into more active events and socially acquainted situations shall be the main focus of the system so as to help the elderly become less isolated as old age comes into their face. The product notable herein is a self-motivation speech presentation video that shows how older people should accept their sound out as the old ones. However, besides accepting the fact, the video shall better the situation to making it happen for the individual to realize his/her capability of living life fully besides the challenge of physical weakness. Each old person is to be encouraged by this video to socially better their health and rather bushel to others instead of keeping themselves behind doors. What the Product FeaturesIt is believed that the physical attribute of a person deteriorates faster than that of the mind. This is the elemental reason why a motivational video is introduced to the said demographic bracket as noted herein. Understandably, the process by which old people use their time is the target activity of the producers of this product. Most of todays elderly are finding the dilemma of not being able to find something to do when they really want to exercise their minds once in a while. Presenting the availability of the product to the said market would become much of an easier task to complete for the marketer. Through

Entrepreneurship Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Entrepreneurship Theory - Essay Example3). Theoretically, an entrepreneur is one who must exhibit certain(prenominal) enterprising attributes and specific characteristics of behaviour and thinking perhaps attained innately or from education, training and experiences (Gibb, 2007, p. 5). This tack of research work critically evaluates the theoretical underpinnings of entrepreneurial behaviours and explains what triggers to the behaviour of an entrepreneur based on relevant literatures Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurs are those who use their ability, talent, skills and personality to perform and carry out new combinations to successfully implement a change. Joseph A Schumpeter, famously known as father of entrepreneurship, viewed entrepreneurship as all about innovation (Carsrud and Brannback , 2007, p. 7) and entrepreneur as a distinct individual in the society as he discovers a dynamic business opportunity, seizes the opportunity to convert the idea in to a reality to deliver new m erchandise or service and thus to create a new marketable contribution to the economy (McDaniel, 2002, p. 57). or so literatures argued that entrepreneur is not only an innovator or a distinct person to transform opportunity to business reality, but also that he is characterized with many of managerial skills and abilities such as direction, organizing, supervision, take a chance bearing, meet etc (Brockhaus, 1987, p. 1). With the idea of establishing a business enterprise, entrepreneur mentally prepares to take risks of financial well being, career opportunities, family relations, and mental ell being as well (Brockhaus, 1980, p. 511). As and when the business contexts become more complex and markets turn to be highly vulnerable to rigorous competition, entrepreneurs must be able to take very strategic step to introduce innovative ideas with their creative thinking. Based on assorted views, Cunningham and Lischeron (1991, p. 46) defined six schools of thoughts to describe var ious qualities of entrepreneurs. These schools are 1) the great person school of thought, 2) psychological characteristic school, 3) classical school of entrepreneurship, 4) the management school, 5) the leading school and 6) the intrapreneurship school of entrepreneurship. There are large numbers of explanations for what triggers to the behaviour of an entrepreneur, but most of these literatures reached to a consensus that some of the most important characteristics generally and are found universally important are innovation, risk taking, creative thinking etc. Some authors have also found some other components or dimensions of entrepreneurship such as new venture formation, pro-activeness, renewal, strategic vision, international and domestic venturing, competitive aggressiveness etc (Lau, Shaffer, Chan and Man, 2012, p. 675). entrepreneurial behaviour Entrepreneurial behaviour, as defined by Mair (2005, p. 51) refers to a set of activities and practices by which individuals at vary levels generate and utilize innovative resource combination to discover and pursue opportunities.

International Legal and Ethical Issues in Business Essay

International Legal and Ethical Issues in Business - Essay exemplification113). For instance, if the employee chose to present the issue to the higher management, whence it is expected that the ships connection would incur losses for product examen and recall. However, the constituteion would benefit nodes to stop from patronizing the defective products. In the code of ethics, it is an employees responsibility to act in professional manner and report promptly to the higher management about any development he or she knows about wherein the business is directly involve so that it could be given bewitch corrective actions. However, it is not uncommon practice for lower-level employees to communicate upwards about only those matters which are in all likelihood to appeal to people at higher levels (Rashid, 1983, p. 133) therefore, the employee should present first the subject matter to his or her following in command finically if the companys structure is following an upward communication by subordinates. In addition, he or she is not at all trustworthy to tell directly to the companys CEO and executives about the knowledge of potentially defective products that are being sold to the customers until much(prenominal) time that it is delegated to the immediate supervisor. In the first place, the employee is uncertain about the organizations ethical guidelines which are supposed to be communicated to them to ensure that they understand the companys values and policies. Lastly, he is just maintaining the eudaemonia of the company and at the same time fulfilling his duties, respecting the higher authorities and maintaining social order. Values for professionals and employees in particular are not bound for the organization alone tho it needs to serve for the good of the public. * How would you specifically notify customers of such an occurrence? Satisfied customer contributes higher revenue growth, therefore, it is their right to be notified and it is th e companys responsibility to provide them with real information. In case the issue is effectively presented to the top management, then it is the companys responsibility to test and recall the product to know the defects. This process is costly but it could prevent further losses. Also, it is one of their ethical and social responsibilities to secure the safety of their customers in return for their report (Jennings, 2009, p. 511 Shaw, 2010, p. 222). It should consider the seriousness and frequency of the injury that the product could create to the customers and remember that quality of products should be prioritized first. The customer will be notified through a press release, describing to them the real problem, guarantee their safety, and most importantly, ask for an apology. In this case wherein defective products are involved, it is a requirement that the company should respond promptly and efficiently. It should ensure that the stay defective products will not reach the custo mers by tracking them through helpful signs, and setting up tracking system for customers complaints. Through this way of keeping the customer informed, everything will be centralized and easier to control. * What variety of internal actions would you take to prevent future problems? The employee must define the problem clearly and be responsible on all his or her actions. For instance, if he or she discovers material information that involves the business, he or she should promptly report this to the

Project management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

bedevil management - Essay ExampleThere lead also be constraints if sponsor has not described all the details required for the development of the system. It volition therefore mean that more rework will be done which will cause hike delay to the watch.Constraints will be experienced if key-decision makers will be difficult to contact when issues arise in the project. This will cause time wastage in the project execution. It is expected that these decision-makers will be reachable at any time and in all the development phases of the project.Another constraint that might arise is if the project members will be new to the environment and may take time to learn the new development environment. This will cause the delay to be experienced in the project execution.Project management services. (2009). Project management process inputs, tools and techniques, amd outputs organized by process groups. Retrieved Febuaryr 25, 2012, from Project management services

Racial Disparities in Americas Justice System Research Paper

Racial Disparities in Americas Justice System - Research Paper ExampleWhereas the inequalities experienced in other areas of societies are steadily reducing, it is quite concerning that in the countrys criminal justice system, these inequalities continue to grow (LCEF & LCCR, 2000).A study by the National Council on Crime and Delinquency (NCCD), African Americans in the country are estimated to cook rough 13% of the countrys total population, however, despite this relatively low percentage, African-Americans are statistic completelyy estimated to make up about 28% of all arrests. These figures by the NCCD are found to be similar to those of a report by Mauer (1999) that found that despite their constituting of only 13% of the total population, African Americans account for 40% of all the inmates that are currently being held in jails and prisons around the country. In addition to this, they also constitute about 42% of the total population on death row. In comparison, White Ame rican are estimated to make up about 67% of the countrys population and account for 70% of all the arrests that are made across the country. They account for 40% of all inmates that are held in prisons and local jails, this is a figure found to be similar to that of the African American population. Whites also make up about 56% of the total population that is currently on death row (Taxman & Byrne, 2005).Native Americans and Hispanics are noted to be alarmingly overrepresented in the United States Criminal justice system.

Nuclear Energy Is Not Safe Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

atomic Energy Is not Safe - Research Paper ExampleIn the thermo atomic power stations, the animation is made through with(predicate) the use of uranium rod. In the process of fission, the neutrons of uranium enter into the nucleus of atom. Once the uranium cockeyed in, the nuclei will the split into two hence releasing energy that comes out in form of heat.Nuclear energy is famous today because of several reasons, one is the carbon emitted during nuclear energy action. In likeness to other energy producers such as coal and oil, almost zero greenhouse gases are produced during nuclear production, gases such as sulfur dioxide which is one of the main components of pollution. The second reason why nuclear energy has remained famous is because of energy dependence. Nuclear energy has enabled many countries such as US and France to cut big bucks the touchstone of oil products they buy from different countries and it has provided a reliable base-load power (Smith 2006). The cost o f building the typeset is expensive but once it is build, the cost of producing energy is cheap is the material used in nuclear plants are renewable. Another significant reason why nuclear energy is famous is its energy production rate. A uranium-235 is capable of producing up to 3.6 million times more energy as compared to the same amount of coal. Lastly, nuclear produce low quantities of waste materials. The uranium producing the energy stays in the reactor for a period of up to 4 years which means the radioactive waste products remains in the reactors for up to five years. At the same time, radioactive materials coming from the reactors are used in medicine intercession and food irradiation. Having studied the nuclear energy advantages and disadvantages, I believe Nuclear energy is not a safe form of alternative energy.Since the introduction of nuclear energy, it has become both a curse and a blessing it is a blessing in the energy production and a curse due to the misuse. ump teen countries have started misusing the nuclear energy by creating war materials out of it.

Advertisements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Advertisements - Essay ExampleCompetition always threatens to reduce the amount of sales recorded by each convergence.Beca custom of this,manufactures of various products or providers of various services are forced to engage in fix matchisements These looks are meant to capture the attention of consumers and provoke them to purchase a certain product or phthisis it. Advertising involves the repetition of the name or image of a product with the aim of associating it with particular qualities with the marking in the minds of the consumers. The holidays are coming is a Coca poop advertisement which features a train serene of red de workry trucks bearing the Coca dummy name are beautified with Christmas lights (Coca Cola video). The train drives along a snowy landscape and as it passes, it causes everything on its path to light up and wad at the sides watch as delivery lorries pass by. This advert uses holiday campaigns and excitement as its advertising strategies. This advert made people to be aware that the celebration season is ski binding once again and this goes baseball glove in hand with drinking. This motivates consumers to start treating themselves with Coca Cola drinks. It also reminds them to purchase or save silver for buying coca-cola drinks for Christmas celebrations. The Coca Cola Company had stopped using the train advert in 2001. However, it was brought back in 2007 because many consumers called the companys information center saying that they considered the advert as a mark of the beginning of Christmas. Another advert advertising Coca Cola was a billboard with a big feeding bottle that had seemingly bubbled out a group of fun making and cheerful people. The reason of the space containing the fun-making people is very bright. The slogan for this advert is Live on the coke side of animation and uses excitement as its strategy (Coca-Cola-Art par 1). The Live on the coke side of life advert calls for people to live on the positive sid e of life (Coca-Cola-Art par 1). The advert makes people to speak up that drinking coca cola will make them to be happy. It helps them to reflect their optimist moments of their lives (Coca-Cola-Art par 2). The campaign invites consumers to live life full of color, create their own positive reality, listen to their hearts and be spontaneous. The use of people who are happy and making fun presents coca-cola not only as a drink that refreshes and makes peerless exited but also, it energizes them and gives them the strength to move with vigor. Another Coca-Cola advert is Always Coca-Cola previously featuring on TV. The main trade strategy used in this advert is brand positioning. This adverts used good sounds and music, and a large florilegium of pictures of people enjoying Coca Cola. Each picture in the advert had its own slogan. The welcoming picture was a cute lady smiling at the audience and its slogan was have a Coca Cola. The second is that of two men purporting so refreshed and its slogan was it sends thirst flying and the terzetto slogan was thirst asks nothing more. The fourth slogan was delicious and refreshing followed by so refreshing so welcome, everywhere and the final is what I want is Coke and its picture featured a cure lady reaching out for a bottle of coke. All throughout the advert, there was a nice Coca Cola song that repetitively used the words always Coca Cola. The use of sounds and music helps to achieve effective marketing in that it makes people feel good to be associated with the product being advertised. The mixture good music and pictures creates in the consumers an emotional ambience that draws them to the marketing campaign and makes them feel good to have the product. The slogans it sends thirst flying and thirst asks nothing more makes consumers to perceive Coca Cola as the best solution to thirst and this will always prompt them to get themselves of a bottle or can of Coca Cola whenever they are thirsty. In this way, the po sition of the brand in the wooly

Chemical Regulation Policies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Chemical Regulation Policies - raise ExampleThis is precisely the case with the Kyoto Protocol and the supposedly universal or global policy on the enjoyment of chemicals and their disposal, it gave rise to. Focusing on the mentioned, this research paper will undertake a proportional analysis of chemical policies in both the EU and the United States, highlighting, not just the extent to which varied field interests and goals directed both negotiations and their outcomes but the extent to which the aforementioned ultimately lends to differing degrees of commitment to international stipulations and, accordingly, different implementation methods.Growing concern over global warming and the impact of chemical waste on environmental conditions was one of the factors which incited the Kyoto Protocol and which the mentioned agreement supposedly dealt with. As Litfin (1997) notes, negotiations, although contentious, ultimately led to agreement mingled with the variant parties, as an i mmediate outcome of the realization that, irrespective of national boundaries which effectively imposed national sovereignty upon different segments of the environment, the latter was, in essence, a global common. Accordingly, negotiations over chemical regulations, or any such threat to the environment, had to unfold from within the parameters of that realization and needed to be founded on an awareness of the multinational nature of environmental issues and the associate imperatives of, not just trans-Atlantic environmental policy agreements but, on global environmental policy agreements (Litfin, 1997).The United States, as did the member states of the European Union, ultimately conceded to the Kyoto Protocols and declared that it would adhere to its chemical regulation policy recommendations. Prior to implementation, however, the United States, in direct comparison to the European union member states, withdrew its agreement through a refusal to ratify the Kyoto Protocols and a subsequent declaration to the effect that it would not adhere to it (Bierman and Dingwerth, 2004). blush as it officially denied the phenomenon of global warming and the role of chemical emissions and waste played therein, the United States ascertain that the comprise of adherence to chemical regulation policies, as defined and designed by the Kyoto Protocol, carried an economically unsustainable cost (Stoett, 2004 Bierman and Dingwerth, 2004. Given the marked, even remarkable difference between the stance adopted by the United States versus that adopted by the European Union, a comparative and critical analysis of the forces which motivated and governed either position is important.The spirit of PoliciesIn any given policy area there is a range of choices and instruments which policy makers use to design the policy is most suited to their country, their economy and the policys target group- in this case, the chemical industry. As Elliott (2001) explains, this representation that environmental policies which are designed and negotiated on the international level are not binding treaties, equivalent to international law. Instead, they are recommendations and objectives. Moreover, because

Religion, Media and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Religion, Media and morals - Essay ExampleMedia ethics as such is a complex subject, as it is formulated on the basis of the concurrent culture, economy and national policies.It has been observed by a number of researchers that the media symbolizes societal values. Slinger (1983) has mentioned a number of examples in which media comes up with advertisements which prompts the views to connect the product being advertised to societal values limited to the viewers. One important value that a person relates to is his personal beliefs and unearthly beliefs. Its generally considered that the best-selling(predicate) programs in the secular media do not have ghostlike intentions. Considering the recent development of secularizing of religious publicize sponsored by religious organizations, the identification of religiously persuading content becomes difficult. Programs and specifically labeled content dealt by religious media are the ones which are bracketed as of the ones which influe nce the public religiously. However, there are arguments that this is not the case. Mark Pinsky (2001, p.5) observes that he found God, faith and spirituality in abundance on The Simpsons.Jana Reiss (2004, p.xii) claims that Buffy the Vampire Slayer and its spin-off apotheosis are two of the most religious programs on network TV. These arguments suggest that cartoon programs and opposite popular programs may also be considered as religious.I agree with this argument. The earlier argument that solitary(prenominal) religious media can contain religious content is based on the assumption that religion is associated with religious institutions and organizations. Schultze (1990) has argued that being religious does not mean belonging to a religion but its a way of life with its own world view. Anything which would influence this world view thus must be considered religious persuasion. Thus there is no wonder in Pinsky finding spirituality and god in the cartoon

Comparative Analysis of Two Films Essay Example for Free

comparative degree Analysis of Two Films EssayStereotyping canful be defined as sweeping generalizations about affiliates of a certain grammatical gender, terra firmaality, religion, race, or other group. Social stereotyping has been a worldwide retire for numerous years. More specifically, unimaginative assertions, ground on two gender and race, have been a common theme passim many 20th and 21st century ikons. Both Crash, directed by Paul Haggis in 2004, and Girlfight directed by Karyn Kusama in 2000, address the issue of stereotyping in their own unique way.Girlfight does this by placing a female in the spotlight of a sport that is predominantly dominated by males, whereas, Crash confronts our problem with racial stereotypes and racism, and the lead to counter them, by focusing on the crash humans experience by encountering people that they genuinely argon already linked to. Throughout the film Girlfight, the crowd may have been against Diana, but her finis allowe d her to fight off skeptics outside the ring and her opp sensationnts in the ring. Crash is a movie that brings out fanaticism and racial stereotypes.While un barrackable story revolves around a gender debate, the other approaches the argument from the conniption of race and ultimately both combat the greater social issue of stereotyping. The film Girlfight depicts the struggle of Diana Guzman, a high school girl, and how she overcomes gender barriers to dominate the boxing arna. Her mother passed away when she was young, and she lives with her father and younger brother, detailed. They use up in the projects of New York City, a tougher bea where the ability to de stand firm yourself is basically a prerequisite.Her father forces Tiny to train at the local gym to become better suited to defend himself and that is where Diana is introduced to the sport of boxing. gageground signal is a key aspect of the film and director Karyn Kusamas choice of realistic venues for each and either convulsion help create a documentary-like atmosphere. One scene that illustrates this quality is when Diana and Adrian learn that they will both be fighting each other in the final bout. The scene takes place inside the director of the rings office a small but well organized office.The camera pans from eccentric to character as they discuss Dianas next fight and the viewer is placed in the back corner of the office space. A key detail to be noticed is that the door is open and one can see that baggers argon still training in the background. This gives the audience the idea that what they are viewing is rattling real, almost like a documentary, and Kusamas film work adds to that with a figure of speech that is both grainy and misty. The scene is also full of dialogue, which is a common attribute of any documentary. It seems as if the scene would have occurred even if the camera had not been rolling film.The realistic aspect correlates back to the profound premise of the movie, gender stereotyping. At the time, female boxers were a rarity and Diana was an boot oution not single because of her gender but also because of her skill. The boxers at this gym are all male except for Diana who happens to be the main character in the film. This creates an immediate gender barrier the second that Diana steps in the gym merely because she isnt of the norm. The film Crash attempts to tackle the issue of racial stereotyping though the stories of several(prenominal) characters who all turn out to be connected in some way, shape, or form.Anthony and peter are fortuneners in crime who hijack cars for a chop shop. Anthony believes that parliamentary law is unfairly biased against blackeneds, and at one point in the film he justifies his actions by claiming he would never hurt another black person. Rick Cabot, district attorney of Los Angeles, and his wife Jean are two other main characters throughout the film. One scene that reinforces the use of stereotyping is when Anthony and creature stroll a Los Angeles shopping strip. As they walk along, Anthony explains to cocksucker how whites are so quick to judge blacks at night.The dialogue throughout the scene is especially cardinal because Anthony quickly changes from complaining about racial tendencies around him to hiding behind a handgun as both he and his friend hijacks a car. The audience sides with Anthony, as he begins his rant, but out of the blue, the two men pull a gun on an innocent couple and the audience is left in shock. Anthony states, You couldnt find a whiter, safer or better-lit part of this city indemnify now, but yet this white woman sees two black guys who look like UCLA students strolling down the sidewalk, and her reaction is blind fear (Crash).This recital draws light on the fact that we as humans tend to jump to conclusions often too quickly. Anthony and jibe had done nothing out of the ordinary but the town happened to be predominantly dominated by whites an d that set off a red flag in Jeans mind. Anthony flips the subject base on the fact that they are the only blacks in the area and asks Peter, Why arent we scared? Peter responds, Cause we got guns? and both men proceed to pull out their weapons and hijack the Cabots vehicle (Crash). This scene is greatly enhanced by the use of sound.As both of the couples stroll down the boulevard, one can hear a peaceful Christmas carol in the background, but as the men approach the Cabots, the medication increases in volume and changes to a more upbeat, edgy track. The film does this in order to create tautness between both sets of characters it changes the norm and keeps the audience anxious. To reinforce this, the sound increases once more as Anthony and Peter peel out of the street with the stolen car creating a definitive point in the scene. By transitioning from quiet down to chaos, Haggis demonstrates how a simple misinterpretation, a stereotype, could pay dividends in the long run.Je an Cabot had suspected something was not right as soon as she locked eyes with Anthony. The fact that Anthony gave a rather thought-provoking talk on racial tendencies shows that stereotyping does not go unnoticed. An act as simple as interlocking arms with your keep up as you pass two young, African American teenagers may seem like an act of golosh to you but to the teenagers it is offensive. This also proves that this is not a one-sided debate. Both parties are involved and equally held responsible for(p) for their criticisms. In Becoming Members of Society Learning the Social Meaning of grammatical gender, Aaron H.Devor discusses the distinction between gender and sexuality. Gender is typically based on anatomical differences between men and women, but does not necessarily match with them. In Dianas case, she is a female yet she demonstrates masculine tendencies through her animosity and fury in the boxing arena. According to Devor, Diana fails to follow the natural role of he r sexuality (Devor 160). Devor states, persons who perform the activities considered appropriate for another gender will be expected to perform them poorly (Devor 159).He point is valid because there are always cases when a male or a female may not fit the norm and fight off a society that is so fixated on masculinity versus femininity. This statement connects with the film Girlfight, in which Diana Guzman distinguishes herself by becoming a boxer, a sport dominated by males. Devor states that even if the athlete does succeed, it is a reward with ridicule or scorn for blurring the gender dividing line (Devor 159). The film Girlfight somewhat argues this statement because Diana was cheered as she finished her final bout against Adrian. Adrian was obviously the favored fighter, mainly due the act that he was a male, yet Diana pulled off the victory.The fact is that gender is socially and culturally determined it is not biologically determined. At the time, boxing gurus failed to give credit to Diana by being an underdog and decided to instead critique and stereotype her based on her sex. Today more and more women have become boxers but there are still those that frown upon their presence in the ring. Even though people have become more tolerant, there are still some who are not willing to except things out of the norm, which is wherefore society has not gained the balance it needs and social stereotyping exists.Gender stereotyping is a very serious issue in todays society, but another dilemma just as grim is that of racial stereotyping. Larry Aubrys Los Angeles Sentinel article titled, Undoing Racism in American Cities, argues how racism is still very much with us and is still a barrier to the identification of the American dream in the nations cities and towns. His main point is that in order to undo racism one must rifle from being a part of the problem to becoming a part of the solution (Aubry, par. 3).Throughout the film Crash, the main characters are giv en various opportunities to combat racism but instead act on poor judgment by stereotyping. The fact is that stereotyping never leads to a proper egress. A proper outcome may not be what either party had intended but most of the time an estimable outcome is best. In Anthonys case, he fumed on how whites were racist yet he became part of the problem by doing exactly what Jean Cabot had foreseen him execute. Anthony stereotyped against himself and further worsened the problem. According to Aubry, there is a consensus that everyone is part of the problem in many different ways (Aubry, par. ).Most people place the condemn on others when in fact they escalate the argument. Stereotyping has set societies back time and time again and until society is guided by the fairness of its ideas, its politics, and its culture and not by the fairness of one anothers skin or gender, progress cannot be made. Girlfight attacks the issue from the gender side while Crash from the racial side. Stereotyp ing is vague in nature but both films key in on these issues through their storyline and cinematic techniques. Girlfight did this through a realistic portrayal of the life of a young female boxer and her struggles.Crash decided to create a segmented story in which characters interact through their blackguard of stereotyping. If Anthony and Peter had decided not to go through with the car hijacking, both them and the Cabots would have been closer to the realization that they were in fact, out of line. In Dianas case, the public is against her, even her father is against her, yet she knows she can fend off the skeptics. Social stereotyping is pervasive and without both parties grasping that fact, both racist and gender stereotyping will cross to exist.

Brrokstone’s business Essay Example for Free

Brrokstones work EssayBrookstone is a nationwide specialty retailer that sells a variety of consumer products with distinctive function, excellent fictitious character and design, which atomic number 18 not available in other retailers. The company develops strong positioning as a specialty retailer selling the hard-to-find tools in Popular Mechanics Magazine in 1965. The main concerns of Brookstone is to add customers with the quality of products and quality of services, which served by the quality of people.The company first catalog is printed in black-and-white in the 24 pages that present the detailed and no-nonsense tuition regarding the product features, materials, measurements, capabilities, and any other useful information to guide customers in buying the suitable products for them (Brookstone, 2009). The successful catalog-type company has encouraged Brookstone to open their first retail store in Peterborough, New Hampshire.Right now, the company is headquartered i n Merrimack, New Hampshire, which backed up by vast distribution center and customer service department that handle mail and telephone orders that fit(p) in Mexico, Missouri (Brookstone, 2009). The company also has over 305 retail stores within the United States and Puerto Rico. Mostly, the retail stores argon located in leading shopping malls, the nations busiest airport, and lifestyle center. In order to manage with the demands, the company, on average, opens 10 to 15 new stores each year (Brookstone, 2009).As a catalog company, Brookstone pursue a multifaceted Direct-Marketing approach by using devil catalogs and Internet operation (www. brookstone. com) to help boosting the orders. The two catalogs are Brookstone catalog and the Hard-to- befall Tools catalog. The Brookstone catalog presents the branded products that available at stores and merchandise from key vendors of Brookstone. Meanwhile, the Hard to Find Tools catalog features customers with high-quality and unique sol utions for the home. In addition, the corporal website (www. brookstone.com) acts as the combine catalogs that features all offering that placed in the two printed catalogs. Figure 1 shows the current offering in the corporate website. Figure 1 Brookstone corporate website Source www. brookstone. com 1. Market Attr briskness Assessment 1. 1. Environment Overview Qatar is actually the country who has the highest per-capita income in 2007. This however, was effect of its enkindle petroleum resources. Its high level of income nevertheless, has been influencing other aspects of peoples lives also.In this chapter, I will viewing short elaboration on several aspects of Qatars environment. 1. 1. 1. policy-making Environment Qatar is a politically active nation. The country is home to many Islamic activist and pro-Islamic views. Country officials however, refused to the confirmed of any connections with terrorist groups. Nevertheless, the country well-kept very good relationship with th e US government. The country is home to the largest US airbase in centerfield East, out-of-door of Iraq and it also support a US Naval base. The country has a large magnitude of attack projects, converging with Exxon Mobil and Royal Dutch/Shell.These businesses significantly enhanced Qatars importance to the vital Western Political interests and also economic interests. Many have said that Qatars balancing political and economic programs are actually quite difficult to understand. However, analysts have also understood that this willingness to court both sides aggressively has condition the country such a high political and economic profile compared to other nations in the Middle East. Despite the bomb attack that happened in 2005, Qatars political atmosphere is actually conducive for business.It is revealed that there are no ruling families holding control of the political activities, even though conservative elements of the company are still unease with recent foreign policy changes which have brought thousands of foreigners into the country. We should hold in our reasonableness however, that Qatar is still areforming country. One of the good signs of positive developments is that the ruler of the country has been actively encouraging fostering and open political debates as key elements of his reform strategy. The latest banking environment also reveals that the country in overall, enjoy stable political conditions.

Personal Wellness Paper Essay Example for Free

Personal Wellness Paper showPersonal Wellness Project I decided to choose filtrate decrease for my personal wellness project. I chose this topic because it hits home base extremely hard. I want to definitely reduce my strain intake and be able to cope with challenging situations. I want to be at to the lowest degree eighty percent in control of my life. I find myself getting straininged when unexpected things happen, and I am not prepared for it. I too want to improve my way of handling plenty which make me stress. Reducing my stress will make me a better person as a whole.When I reduce my stress level, it may lengthen my life by _____ years. I will also be able to function in an everyday atmosphere that requires me to have a clear head. My position will be more pleasing and I will become extra attractive. Stress reduction will help in many ways, as mentioned above. Therefore, less stress, makes me live a healthier life. When my stress level is reduced, I can take care and groom myself properly. I feel this behavior reassign is significant to me because of the environment I am in.At this moment right now, I am a student, worker, and tenant. I have many obligations, and if I am stressed, things will not flow right. I retire I would not be able to organize and function what so ever. Being less stress might even bring along important people into my life. No one likes to be rough someone who is steaming and on the edge on the time. When I am in control and calm, I can enjoy the simple things in life. Some strategies known to help with reducing stress is exercising. physical exertion helps release endorphins, which improves moods and their overall wellness.

Individualistic Countries Essay Example for Free

Individualistic Countries EssayThe summon of CollectivismHarmony And The Dream by David Brooks emphasizes that the ideal of collectivist societies like China live more appealing than individual societies. Brooks defines Americans as individuals and Asians as contexts by some experiments. There atomic number 18 obvious differences amid individualistic countries and collective societies. The former emphasizes rights and privacy, but the later prefer harmony and duty. The actor overly lists the example of the opening ceremony in Beijing. The example shows that harmonious society contributed to the fast revive of China. Therefore, the influence of harmony is larger than the impact of American Dream. If you show an American an image of a tilt tank, the American will usually describe the biggest fish in the tank and what it is doing. If you ask a Chinese person to describe a fish tank, the Chinese will usually describe the context in which the fish swim. Brooks uses comparison to explain the different views between American and Chinese. Americans pay more management to the only one, but Chinese focus on the context.The example helps us to understand the divide between individualist mentality and collectivist mentality. Definition is also used in the article. The individualistic countries draw to put option rights and privacy first. People in collective societies tend to value harmony and duty. This definition deepen the thought of differences and shows the thesis of the article.The last one is transition. Before paragraph12, the author prefers Eastern collectivist societies. But Brooks also narrates the reasons why individualism can sweep the field. The author thinks subconscious influences and permeability of humans capitulum are two essences. Western people are deeply influenced by individualism. In conclusion, Brooks tend to approve the ideal of collective collective. He also admits the success of western individualism.

Mary Shelley tell us about the education Essay Example for Free

bloody shame Shelley tell us ab disclose the education EssayNothing could exceed in beauty the dividing line between these two excellent creatures has also learnt to think logically, to reason, given very well laid out reasons as to why they be so beautiful, backing up his argument. The next thing is one of the just about important things which VC learns it is a lesson of morals.He sees several times the younger cottagers placed food before the gray-haired man when they reserved none for themselves I had been accustomed to steal some of their store, but when I rig that in doing this I inflicted pain on the cottagers, I abstained. This shows that he understands and acts out of compassion. He also observes with diversion when he sees he has been of help. Still to come are the most important facets of VCs education the ability to read, to appraise the highs and lows of human capability and to appreciate emotion as key to humanity.It is from Sorrows of Werter that VC learns about the importance of emotion to all definition of humanity (the English Review). This is complimented with the violent but apparently glorious history of man which Lives provides, openhanded VC a varied and balanced view of what beauty thither is in human nature, and what horror in that location is, too. Paradise Lost is an separate retain which VC stumbles upon megabytegh this teaches him little in it self, the parallels which VC draws between its key characters and himself are important he arse see different aspects of each in himself.This shows the how VC has learnt to take something from a book and place into a real-life situation (I ought to be thy Adam, but I am rather the fallen angel, whom thou drivest from joy for no misdeed). By far the most important cancel of VCs education is his learning to speak. though it has been proved that it is impossible to learn language in the fashion that VC does, we must remember that this is just a novel. In his learning to speak, VC gains the ability to articulate the feelings inside him, the ability to read and the ability to communicate his dreams.He learns as Safie learns, being taught by Felix. Being taught to speak and listen to speech opens the door to all other avenues of Frankensteins learning his learning about humanity is increased tenfold after this. Whether this is a curse or a blessing, however, is left for us to decide after learning how to speak and read, VC sees just how outcast he is, just how far outside the circle of love that is there between Safie, Felix, Agatha and the old man.Once he can see the extent of his loneliness, and can grasp what potential there is once he learns that there is more to life than suffering he is gripped by an insatiable desire to be a part of society. Societys rejection of him, it can be argued, is what turns him from a noble savage to an educated murderer. b Show preview yet The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one o f many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section.

Romeos Diary about Juliet Essay Example for Free

Romeos Diary about Juliet bear witnessAt the youth of the day I stirred lazily from my deep, blissful sleep. Her warm and comfortable hump nestled me in lovingly, and with every breath I took, I felt more and more content. I didnt need to worry about anything right now. I didnt have a care in the world. quiescency next to my beloved Juliet made me think I was still dreaming. I smiled in my sleep, I had neer felt as happy before as I did there in her bed, with her skin on mine, her arms and legs wrapped all around me. The wind whistling outside and the sport singing woke me from my sleep.My matrimony with Juliet was pleasantnesser than the sweetest honey from any blossom. Juliets face glowed brighter than the crimson flower gardens of spring the glisten in her eyes would piddle away the summer sun shy away in shame her dress was whiter than the fields of glimmering snowflakes in winter. A holy ceremony took place, and Juliet and I swore to bind together as one. Nothing co uld possibly go astray on this heavenly day, I thought. But I was wrong.As I heard the lark singing I had to go and harp or stay and die. So left my angel Juliet in the early morning, when the sun had not yet shone too brightly from the east. Then disaster reared its ugly head. It direct me to the violent exchange of words between Mercutio, my good friend, and Tybalt, my dear cousin, two gentlemen who would not have been damage if not for my existence, yet both have now left this world. When they put out their weapons, the fiery firing off of rage between them was unstoppable. I went in between them in hope of ending the brawl, but as the stars would have it, the brawl did end at the abrupt end of Mercutios life. At the blink of an eye, he alienated his concentration, and Tybalts weapon pierced deeply into my dear friends chest. Scarlet blood pumped out of the fatal wound. O insensitive heavens, o malevolent stars Wherefore did fate not let it stop there? My choler for revenge took over, and my cousin was slain in my hands.O I am fortunes fool It is too belatedly to regret my actions, yet I can do nothing else Mercutio was killed under my arm, Tybalt by my sword, and Juliets heart, broken by my thoughtless actions. I am an appalling friend, but a worse husband. How may I live my life as a murderer, and a disgrace to Verona? Worst of all, how may I live without my sweet Juliet? Life is meaningless without the radiant angel by my side. O Juliet, I would ask thou to yield me, but how may thou forgive me if I do not forgive myself? O barbaric Tybalt, why did you not take me with you? And if you had slain me, I would not have to suffer these vile consequences The day, which began with my happiest morning, concludes with moody fate haunting my life. O, the envious world is cruel O Heavens, would you give a thirsty military personnel one small sip of water, then take it away from him? Wherefore do you give me Juliet if you must(prenominal) separate us? I feel terribly guilty and helpless.

Marketing Project Essay Example for Free

Marketing Project EssayQ Conduct a theatre or market survey and report on the barter foring motive of consumers as regards price and quality, consumers beingness classified by age, sex and income given certain selected proceedss. * Choose any five consumer durable products/ function of high demand. (i.e., products with life span greater than 3 years.)FORMAT* Main page (Name, Class, Year, Marketing Project)* call (question)* Table of Contents* Explain buying motive and its types.* Introduction and information about each of the products chosen (only consumer durable objects types are medium expensive and very expensive). * Target group of customers for each product in brief. (Age sex income group etc.) * Must Mention grammatical gender and age if product is bought a certain gender or age group only, along with reasoning for the same. * Form questionnaires with (10-15 questions) and do a survey with 10 customers. Make sure that the questions can be answered in sentences or p rovide statements with options. DO NOT purpose Yes/No questions. * Eg What is the primary reason for which you buy this product? What other benefits do you derive from the product? Is the product convenient to use?Is the product safe?Is the product worth the value paid for realization? * succeeding(a) the questionnaires, make a report for each and every product separately explaining the buying motive and reasons they buy it for. (1 page per product.) * Draw conclusions from the results of your questionnaires, graphs, reports, etc. * Depict graph (depending on any 5 criteria you have mentioned in your questionnaire in a bar diagram) for the number of consumers surveyed. * Add pictures and symbols throughout your presentation to add colour and life. * The digest can be made using either MS PowerPoint or MS Word.Format of a QuestionnaireQUESTIONNAIRETITLE ( Eg Survey conducted to estimate buying motive of a product) (This survey is conducted by students of OOEHS for a marketing pro ject. Kindly fill in the required details) NameLocation(Start with your own questions.)

Legal Ethics Assignment Essay Example for Free

Legal Ethics Assignment Essay1. solid food and Drug Administration. This agency and proposed regulation interests me beca part since it is something that has become popular in the recent years and that it affects many hatful in the united states and in the world today. Yes, many people in the gaming attention potbelly on a regular basics. It will not affect the business directly just the workers in the industry. 2. The proposal is a consideration of applicable approval mechanisms and additional indications for nicotine replacement therapies (NRTs), and input on a report to Congress examining the regulation and development of innovative products and treatments for tobacco dependence. In more basic ground it is trying to get tobacco dependent treatments or mechanisms, such as electronic cig atomic number 18ttes, a come about to be officially ap leavend by the FDA.3. Six months after most people purchased e-cigarettes, 31% of these smokers verbalise theyd quit cigarettes and two-thirds of them said theyd cut back on the number of cigarettes they smoked. A third of those whod quit smoke also quit using e-cigarettes. But E-cigarettes have not been tested for efficacy and safety. Additionally, they are produced afield with little oversight to ensure good manufacturing practices. To regulate this product identified chemicals and quantities that is utilise in this product, way out pros and cons for this product, and put a warning label on the product about the risk of addiction to nicotine. I wish to accomplish in my gossip was to help the FDA is that there is pros in the use of E-cigarettes. Also, that the use of E-cigarettes is a lower and healthier risk then the use of regular tobacco cigarettes. 4. The deadline was Jan 16, 2013.5. a. Private citizens, government officials, industry representatives, businesspeople, and corporations can all send in comments based on provided proposed regulation during the public comment period. Anyone who wishes to g ainsay the validity of a federal regulation after it becomes law must participate in the comment period and voice his or her concerns at that time. Some agencies hold public hearings on proposed regulations. The purpose of the hearings is to make for input on the proposals and consider additional conclusion and consider additional evidence and factors relevant in promulgating the final version of the rule. Business Its Legal, Ethical, and Global Environment, 9th Edition.b. 1) Arbitrary and Capricious. Standard for challenging administrative agency rules used to show decisions or rules were not based on sufficient. 2) Substantial Evidence Test. Basis for challenging the natural process of an administrative agency on the grounds that the rule promulgated was not based on enough evidence. 3) Failure to comply with the Administrative Procedures Act requirements of notice, publication, and public comment or input. The procedures for rulemaking must be followed in order for the regul atory process, and the resulting rules, to be valid. 4) Constitutional challenge. The regulation is unconstitutional. Dealing with regulations giving an agency authority to take care records, or impose discriminatory requirements for licensing professionals.5) Ultra Vires. Action taken beyond the scope of authority with federal agencies, action taken that is beyond the congressional authority given in the enabling statute. c. From five court-ordered theories, I would use Substantial Evidence Test to challenge this proposed regulation of not ban the use of electronic cigarettes. I choose this theory is based on the fact that there is enough evidence to prove that electronic cigarettes will not do the same damage to human as authoritative cigarettes do. Because electronic cigarettes guide different chemical other than liquid nicotine, there is enough research to prove that other chemical will not affect peoples health, meaning electronic cigarettes are still a healthy alternative of cigarettes. Also, companies that manufacture electronic cigarettes claim their products do not contain carcinogens or tar or produce secondhand smoke, should be the first concern of making this regulation.

Customer relationship management Essay Example for Free

guest consanguinity management EssayAbstr figure out Purpose This paper aims to contribute insights into the tuition and management of a client attendantship, informing yield mutation and engaging guests in co-creation of a consumption experience. Design/ methodology/approach A review of the state of current association nigh co- harvest-feastion, co-creation and guest communities is followed by interchange of the field of psychoanalyse study methodology. The case history of a leading player in the UK and international sportkiting marketplace rivetes on growthion introduction and node- friendship nurture.Discussion re? ects in to a greater extent than detail on the lessons from the case for application of the principles in practice. Findings The case conjunctions modern harvest-home development dodge provides the gun for co-creation of a guest experience. Its merchandising actions extend beyond convergence development and excogitation to activel y co-creating experiences with nodes, rearing a sense of federation among users, facilitating converse within that residential ara, acting on the feedback, and continuously developing and maintaining the fraternity relationship.Research limitations/implications The orders marketing strategy back be summed up as client companionship lead. This paradigm proposes a in the raw role for businesses in sectors where there is a latent difference to develop and engage communities. It provides a context for the stiff facilitation of customer intimacy management, within which marketing intelligence service plays a signi? cant role. The ? ndings hug drug stove for further look to into the nature of this phenomenon and its relevance to co-creation in different industry sectors, and into numerous aspects of the mental processes and impacts associated with customer communities.Originality/value The case contri preciselyes to the literature of co-creation, demonstrating how it has been achieved through a marketing strategy and marketing premix in a particular customer community. Keywords Customer relations, Innovation, Relationship marketing, Leadership writing type Case study market Intelligence Planning Vol. 25 No. 2, 2007 pp. 136-146 q Emerald Group produce Limited 0263-4503 DOI 10. 1108/02634500710737924 Introduction.The increased complexity, globalization and knowledge-intensity of marketplaces require all businesses to make better use of their technological, organizational and marketing competences in order to survive. Contemporary organizations in gameyly competitive and highly innovative markets essential be able to realize market sh atomic number 18 quickly, by delivering fast, high quality, innovative solutions. The changing geological formational milieu has driven interest in organisational eruditeness and knowledge management (Drucker, 1993 Prusak, 1997).Many studies have con? rmed customer knowledge as ane of the to the highest degree important knowledge bases for an organisation (Bennett and Gabriel, 1999 Chase, 1997), and there is a big interest in the strength of co-production and co-creation either individually or in community contexts, to levy innovation and business performance (Gibbert et al. , 2002).Focus on the conflict of customers in organizational schooling, innovation and knowledge processes heralds the morn of a untried paradigm of marketing intelligence inwhich data and information are not simply gathered into databases and distilled to inform management decision making, exclusively rather marketing intelligence is insert in dynamic co-creation processes that involve customers as partners rather than subjects.Through a case study analysis and critique of a leading manufacturer of increaseembarkment equipment, this paper seeks to provide insights into the utilisation and management of a customer community, to inform product innovation and to engage customers in co-creation of a sporting experience.The case contri providedes to the literature of co-creation and speci?cally to the mode in which communities can be enlisted in the co-creation of experiences. It begins with a literature review, outlining the state of current knowledge on co-production and co-creation and on customer communities, followed by a description of the case study methodology. A pro? le of the company, with particular reference to its product development and community development follows leads to re? ection in detail on the contribution from this case. Finally, conclusions and recommendations provide a summary of the issues. The concept of customer community leadership is proposed, and agendas for further research identi?ed. Literature review This section scoop outs together current knowledge on two severalise themes co-creation, or co-production, and customer communities. Research on both of these themes ? ts broadly within the paradigm or philosophy of relationship marketing. As the main plank of a marketing strategy, relationship marketing aims to build long experimental condition, reciprocally satisfying relations with customers, suppliers and distributors with the key objective of earning and retaining their long-term preference, loyalty and business (Foss and Stone, 2001 Peck et al., 1999 Buttle, 1996 Massey et al. , 2001).In discussing the absence seizure of a consensus on the term relationship marketing, and on the appropriateness of the term, another(prenominal) authors have suggested that a focus on interactions and networks of interactions between businesses and their customers might be more inculpateingful (Healy et al. , 2001 Zoliewski, 2004). The concepts of co-production and customer communities both focus on interactions. Communities, in particular, involve networks of interactions.The theme of interaction between customers and organizations in product and service innovation is develop in the literature on co-production. Prahalad and Ra maswamy (2000) suggest that companies have to recognise that the customer is becoming a partner in creating value, and need to learn how to harness customer competences. One aspect of this impart be the engagement of customers in co-creating personal experiences. The body of work on co-creation and co-production has grown in recent long time. Kristensson et al. (2004) have examined the bene?Ts of involving users in suggesting juvenile product ideas, ? nding that ordinary users created signi? cantly more original and valuable ideas than professional developers, whilst professional developers and advanced users created more easily reliable ideas. At a more modest direct of customer engagement, Salomo et al. (2003) found that customer orientation in innovation projects (not necessarily, in this case, customer engagement) had a positive in? uence on NPD success and that the impact increased with the degree of product innovativeness.Similarly, Hsieh and Chen (2005) showed that new p roduct development performance can be enhanced by interacting with users, and capitalising on user-knowledge management competences. Matthing et al. (2004) suggest that the Customer community and co-creation 137 MIP 25,2 138 value of customer involvement in new service development resides in the opportunity to facilitate proactive learning about the customer, and to understand and anticipate latent customer needs. Lilien et al. (2002) suggest that user contribution to the idea extension process is optimised through the careful selection of lead users to infix in the process.Dahlsten (2004) discusses customer involvement in the case of a product development project at Volvo Cars, which allowed the project management team to aim an understanding of the customer through customer presence. A study comparing the sources of product and process innovation in large and subaltern technology-based ? rms found that product developers in SMEs valued customers, co-workers, marketing and jour nals more highly, whilst suppliers were particularly valued by large ? rms (Bommer and Jalajas, 2004).Co-creation might be viewed as an aspect of customer-knowledge competence, the processes that generate knowledge about speci? c customers (Campbell, 2003). Gibbert et al. (2002, p. 460) describe customer knowledge management as a process in which organisations seek to know what their customers know and de? ne it as . . . the strategic process by which cutting-edge companies change state their customers from passive recipients of products and services, to em military unitment as knowledge partners. CKM is about gaining, sharing, and expanding the knowledge residing in customers, to both customer and somatic bene?It is thus concerned with an understanding of how to elicit and leverage knowledge from customers. Their emphasis on interacting with customers and co-production, extending to co-learning, lifts the focus from pile up data and information in order to learn about customers to learn with customers. They discuss ? ve different styles of customer knowledge management, including prosumerism where the customer acts as co-producer, and communities of creation in which groups of people work together, have shared interests, and hope to jointly create and share knowledge.The focus of co-production research is often on product innovation and new product development, with some contributions relating to service development (Matthing et al. , 2004). However, Prahalad and Ramaswamy (2003), suggest a future in which the locus of innovation and co-production will shift from products and services to experience environments. This suggestion aligns with other proposals that the experience marketing era is on the horizon, and that it is becoming increasingly important for businesses to respond to the needs of the experience consumer (Li and Wei, 2004).Co-creation whitethorn take place in the context of customer communities. There is a considerable literature on customer clubs (Butscher, 2002 Gustafsson et al. , 2004 Stauss et al. , 2001) and loyalty schemes (Bolton et al. , 2000 Mauri, 2003 Passingham, 1998 Worthington, 2000). but a small sub-group of such clubs and schemes can properly be describe as customer communities, however, which should at the very least exhibit C2C interaction. To convincingly justify the use of community they should furthermore share a culture with norms, values and identity, and mutual interests and objectives.Fan clubs, interest clubs, and software user groups may constitute customer communities. Butscher (2002) identi? es the Kawasaki Riders Club, The Volkswagen Club, and Swatch The Club as examples which might be described as customer communities. On the other bargain, loyalty schemes such as Tesco Clubcard, American Express, Airmiles, and Marriot Rewards are focussed on the B2C dimension of relationship marketing, and do little to cultivate or in? uence C2C interactions. Therefore, whilst they may be able to ident ify a relatively stable group of users, they have not created a community.One context in which there has been more discussion of customer communities is the virtual(prenominal) environment (Armstrong and Hagel, 1996). just about loyalty schemes use this channel to support C2C interaction. practical(prenominal) customer communities enable organizations to establish distributed innovation models that involve varied customer roles in new product development (Nambisan, 2002 Pitta and Fowler, 2005). Nambisan (2002) suggests that the design of virtual customer environments needs to consider interaction patterns, knowledge creation, customer motivation, and consolidation of the virtual customer community with the new product development team.Dholakia et al. (2004) explore the impact of group norms and mixer identity on participation in consumer communities. The wider literature on virtual communities and their role in learning and knowledge creation is in addition substantial, and ma y have perspectives to stretch out on the role of virtual communities in innovation (Hall and Graham, 2004 Davenport and Hall, 2002 Wenger, 2000). In conclusion, the themes of co-creation and customer communities have been identi? ed as important in the literature, but there remains a scope for considerable further work, speci?cally relating to . co-creation of experiencesCustomer communities that exist in both corporeal and virtual space and . the mechanisms and processes through which organizations can engage customer communities, as opposed to individual members of those communities, in co-creation. Methodology Case studies are a valuable way of looking at the world somewhat us, and asking how or why questions (Yin, 1994). The case study design adopt in this paper may be described as a holistic single case design.Typically, single case designs are appropriate when the exercise has something special to reveal that might act as a point of liberation for challenging received wi sdom, prior theoretical perspectives and untested assumptions. A specialist in sporting increase technology was chosen as the basis for the case analysis in this paper for four reasons in particular, as follows (1) The stated care of Flexifoil International is to provide our customers with the ultimate Kitesports experience (www.? exifoil. com/company). (2) Flexifoil has been consistently committed to product innovation.(3) Flexifoil works with customers and proactively builds customer communities to support customer engagement in co-creation of the kiting experience. (4) The active and extensive participation of one of the authors in the kiting community formed the basis for an in-depth understanding of the community create and co-creation processes observed. Company pro? le Flexifoil International Through product innovation, the company seeks to design and develop the highest performance products, with new designs and products that support new kite-based Customer community and co-creation 139 MIP.25,2 sporting experiences and events. Flexifoil build both their own customer community and the kite boarding community in general through customer service, dispersion networks, sponsorship and promotion of the sports for which their products are used. They provide opportunities for the kite sporting community to interact, online and in other ways. Their community is thus build through B2B, C2B and C2C relationships and channels.140 reaping development Until the early 1970s, a kite had for hundreds of years been a piece of fabric controlled with one or two lines, designed to be hand-?own in windy conditions. What is now Flexifoil International started when two side university students effectively invented the two-line power kite by producing the ? rst to be sold commercially.Two larger kites with the evocative names Pro Team 8 and Super 10 established Flexifoils market position, and enabled the company to encipher upon a period of innovation and experimentat ion that explored a shed of different potential applications for power kites. Some of their innovations were successful, others less so, such as three-wheeled buggies designed to be pulled by a power kite or traction kite.The successful developments in materials and design technology by Flexifoil and its followers allowed this basic product to support today such diverse activities as kite boarding (water-based), snow kiting, kite farming boarding, buggying, recreational power kiting, and sportkiting (traditional kiting). The companys own product range now comprises power kites, recreational kites, traction kites, and water re- engrossable kites buggies and boards lines and control gear and miscellaneous accessories such as clothing.Following the launch of a web site, with associated forums in which enthusiasts could meet and exchange ideas, Flexifoils sales increased by near 25 per cent each year between 1999 and 2004. Innovation continued, with the development of water-based kit ing or kitesur? ng, and later kites for drop off boarding and snow kiting. Over the last thirty years, the company had thus effectively created a market, and maintained leadership in its particular niche, by means not only of product innovation but also engagement with and cultivation of a power-boarding community. partnership development Distribution.The community development process begins with the companys distribution network of authorised retail outlets. Initially, those were mainly windsur? ng and sur? ng shops, but more recently specialised kiting shops have entered the market. Signi? cantly for Flexifoil, some of those have developed into kitesports centres where customers can ? y sooner they buy. At three Premier Kite Sports Centres, the most comprehensive Flexifoil range is available for mental testing in an environment characterised by knowledgeable staff and extensive facilities in a good placement activity training is also on offer.A smaller range of Flexifoil kit es is sold through high street shops. The company also moves the product to market through training schools, academies and university kite clubs, to whom equipment is available at discounted rates or even free of charge if the outlet becomes an of? cial Flexifoil training centre. In addition to these bricks-and-mortar outlets, the company transacts a signi? cant proportion of its retail sales through internet distributors.It also make dos spare parts, filth clothing and a selection of promotional merchandise via Flexifoildirect. com, but restricts distribution of core products to distributors who can offer a full after-sales service. The objective of the companys distribution strategy is to build, support and maintain an effective customer community. Promotion and marketing communication. The main platform of Flexifoils promotional programme is to communicate their committedness to after-sales support, and their ambition to maintain good relationships with both customers and deale r outlets.This strategy, in turn, generates positive word-of-mouth communication, and often act as a channel for customer feedback that can inform future product innovation and development. In pursuit of that objective, Flexifoil make extensive use of specialised ad media, including every kite magazine in circulation, often running double-page spreads. A branded display stand for Flexifoil product catalogues is distributed to every dealer. To keep the brand at the centre of the kitesporting world, the company sponsors a team of kite boarders who compete around the world.The promotional mix thus embraces advertising, publicity, sales promotion and point-of-sale. Flexifoil furthermore use their web site and its forums proactively to develop the UK kiting community, especially pre-launch. Previews of new kites provoke discussion in the forums, and a level of interest that builds up over months of anticipation and typically generates high sales volumes immediately on the release of the product. This online communication channel brings customers together to exchange experiences, and sell equipment to each other.The company lays claim to the largest online kiting community, of nearly 7,000 members. The variety of forums available to its members specialise in the full range of sportkiting activities. The clear aim of the marketing communication theory strategy is, like the distribution strategy, to create a community of interest rather than one based simply on transaction. Discussion This discussion will draw out two themes from the case study analysis co-creation, and customer communities. The study contributes a perspective on the co-creation of experiences, whichis a central element in the emerging paradigm of experience marketing.By continuing engagement with their customer community, the subject company has been able not only to gather feedback on the experiences associated with the use of its products, but also to add to them by offering opportunities, in bot h the real and virtual environments for customer to savour interactions with others who share their interests. It monitors and enhances the experience through the same channels. Whilst product innovation is stepwise, the dialogue and interaction with customers on which that innovation is based is continuous.This is not co-production in the sense that the term is used in new product development contexts, but rather in the service context, where the term refers to the fact that customers have a hand in the development of their own service experience. Nevertheless, experience co-creation in this case, embeds product innovation. The impact of this approach to co-creation is dif? cult to disentangle from the impact of other business and marketing actions.The signi? cant increase in sales in the years since the launch of the web site could be taken as one indicator, but itCustomer community and co-creation 141 MIP 25,2 142 is important to acknowledge the spiral nature of the community c reation process. This increase in sales will have expanded the community, and probably also have intensi? ed customers engagement with the experiences that community members co-create with the company.The case also contributes some insights on the nature of customer communities. Though the company does ask customers to register their product and thereby collects personal contact details, it does not operate a customer community, club or loyalty scheme.Rather, the innovative and interesting products act as a catalyst for community creation through the medium of the experiences they deliver. The customer community comprises those who have participated in those experiences, enjoyed them, and wish to develop the interaction. Customers work in partnership with the company to build excitement and develop skill, and by sharing the experiences with others, add to the totality of the customer community. The company has taken a number of actions to facilitate this process, including working w ith distributors, sponsorship, engagement in events, training courses, and an interactive web site.Speci? cally, their approach to communication with their customers is sophisticated. The common view of marketing communications as a one-way transmission is replaced by a marketing communications strategy designed to build and reinforce the companys position as a leader of a community. Traditional channels such as advertising, sponsorship, and even brand building are only elements in a complex web or network of marketing communications activities, involving C2C and B2B as well as B2C relationships.The company communicates directly with its customers, but also provides contexts which encourage them to talk among themselves. In addition, the marketing communications effort is pushed through distributors, not just in toll of the traditional advertising and branding, but also through the selection of distributors that can offer appropriate support and advice. These actors in the arrangi ng have a role in welcoming new members into the community. They are supported in doing so by the existing on-line community, and various company-sponsored events at which members are encouraged to gather.The customer community has built gradually as the business has grown. As new products have been added to the product range to support new sports, new sub-communities have formed around them. The process of community development goes hand in hand with product development. Conclusions and recommendations The entrepreneurs behind Flexifoil International have simultaneously created a sport, and an associated sporting community. The company is clear that its mission as not simply to develop and distribute the best products but rather to deliver the most exciting kiting experience.This case study has demonstrates that the entire marketing mix is focussed not on transactions, or even relationship building, but rather on community creation. That community includes both consumers and dealer s. Product innovation, distribution and promotion are tightly coupled with community creation. Community building is not just about increasing membership, or even about the engagement of members with the community, but focuses on the creation of a level of mutuality in which there is ongoing dialogue between community members and the company.Flexifoil has neither annexed an existing community, nor do they own one, although they do manage a virtual space through which the community can interact. Rather, their product innovation and the experiences that their product range provides have the potential to act as the catalyst for the community, whilst sponsorship, engagement in events, and the virtual space all facilitate the enhancement of the experience for community members. Other companies compete with Flexifoil for leadership of the power kiting community, both rival manufacturers and others keen to enhance the sportkiting experience.Many of these have web sites through which they s eek to capture an online community. For example, one casts itself as the kite ? yers portal to the internet offering links to kite manufacturers and kite stores in the USA and Canada, to other power kiting web sites, to other kite ? yer sites, kite teams and clubs, and to magazines and newsgroups. another(prenominal) claims to be the online community that brings ? yers together and a third promotes itself as the internet magazine for kiters.All offer different services and bene? ts to their customers, but for some, their engagement with the sport kiting community will be restricted to virtual space. Though Flexifoil has a strong brand presence as a manufacturer, it needs to encourage members to participate with it in co-creation if it is to deliver on its mission of providing customers with the ultimate kite sports experience. The approach to marketing strategy described in this case study can aptly be described as customer community leadership.By leading the sport kiting community, but not owning it, Flexifoil has created a community that will buy their products, co-create kiting experiences, provide insights that can inform innovation in the product, the experience and the community innovation, look forward to the next product release, and mutually enhance community members experiences of the companys products and services. Embedded in this approach to community leadership are a number of more traditional marketing actions, such as new product development, advertising, and commitment to after-sales support.The distribution channels are designed to offer the support and training that is likely to enhance sport kiting experiences, but also to build relationships with dealers, and to bring sports kiters together. This is supplemented by opportunities for interaction in virtual space. Community development is achieved through a network of relationship-building actions, at the heart of which are enjoyable and shareable sports kiting experiences. Through community leadership, the company has created a context in which customers are thus from being passive recipients of products and services, and empowered as knowledge partners (Gibbert et al., 2002).In other words, it has thereby created a context that facilitates the processes of customer knowledge management. This is an approach to marketing intelligence and decision making embedded in dynamic co-creation processes that involve customers as partners. It is worth noting that the term customer community leadership can have two different meanings in practice. First, it may mean leadership of a community, in the sense of making it work, setting its direction, and participating in the shaping of experiences of community members.In this context, the focus is on factors such as member engagement, culture, norms, identity and community viability, in terms of the value delivered to all parties. Second, it can describe an avenue to market leadership, in which the business performance of an organisat ion over the longer term is de? ned and determined by the extent to which its leadership of a community of potential customers, or its power and capacity to lead, is greater than that of its competitors. Customer community and co-creation 143 MIP 25,2 144In taking the development of the concept of customer community leadership forward, it will be important to explore the different styles and approaches that are and can be adopted by different ? rms and organizations. Given that another essential of successful leadership is followers, an important phenomenon for further study is the nature of followership in this context. This case study has focussed on the actions and strategies adopted by one business to build and bene? t from a customer community and to engage customers in the co-creation of an experience.In addition, it has demonstrated how both online and real-world communities can be enlisted to contribute to building the experience. There is a scope for considerable further st udy of the processes associated with the co-creation of the experience, and the details of how communities operate. Such research needs both to cover a wider range of organizations and business sectors, and to examine in more detail aspects of communities, co-creation and customer knowledge management. Some potential areas of investigation are .Perceptions and views of different stakeholders as to the impact of the community and the contributions of different parties in the co-creation of the experience. . The pro? le of such customer communities in terms of loyalty, retention and customer lifetime value, including comparisons between online and real-world communities. . Community processes, including models of key processes of in? uence, knowledge and learning, identi? cation and role of node members, and the role of celebrity voices and endorsement. . The marketing actions that contribute to the cultivation of effective co-creation communities.References Armstrong, A. G. and Hagel , J. (1996), The real value of online communities, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 74, pp. 134-40. 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